英语写作Types of Sentences.docx
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英语写作TypesofSentences
1.Identifythetypeofsentenceslisted.
1.Ms.Lopezwenttothestore.
2.Whereisthestore?
3.Whydidshecheckherlist?
4.Shutthatdoornow.
5.Stop,takeyourhandsoffme!
6.Look,thatmanhasgreenhair!
2.Weshouldknowhowtodefinesimple,compound,andcomplexsentencesbeforeusingthemconsciously.
Experiencedwritersuseavarietyofsentencestomaketheirwritinginterestingandlively.Toomanysimplesentences,forexample,willsoundimmaturewhiletoomanylongsentenceswillbedifficulttoreadandhardtounderstand.
SIMPLESENTENCE
Asimplesentence,alsocalledanindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.Inthefollowingsimplesentences,subjectsareinyellow,andverbsareingreen.
A.Somestudentsliketostudyinthemornings.
B.JuanandArturoplayfootballeveryafternoon.
C.Aliciagoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.
Thethreeexamplesaboveareallsimplesentences. NotethatsentenceBcontainsacompoundsubject,andsentenceCcontainsacompoundverb. Simplesentences,therefore,containasubjectandverbandexpressacompletethought,buttheycanalsocontainacompoundsubjectsorverbs.
COMPOUNDSENTENCE
Acompoundsentencecontainstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator.Thecoordinatorsareasfollows:
for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so.(Helpfulhint:
ThefirstletterofeachofthecoordinatorsspellsFANBOYS.)Exceptforveryshortsentences,coordinatorsarealwaysprecededbyacomma.Inthefollowingcompoundsentences,subjectsareinyellow,verbsareingreen,andthecoordinatorsandthecommasthatprecedethemareinred.
A. ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.
B. Alejandroplayedfootball,soMariawentshopping.
C. Alejandroplayedfootball,forMariawentshopping.
Theabovethreesentencesarecompoundsentences. Eachsentencecontainstwoindependentclauses,andtheyarejoinedbyacoordinatorwithacommaprecedingit. Notehowtheconscioususeofcoordinatorscanchangetherelationshipbetweentheclauses. SentencesBandC,forexample,areidenticalexceptforthecoordinators. InsentenceB,whichactionoccurredfirst?
Obviously,"Alejandroplayedfootball"first,andasaconsequence,"Mariawentshopping. InsentenceC,"Mariawentshopping"first. InsentenceC,"Alejandroplayedfootball"because,possibly,hedidn'thaveanythingelsetodo,fororbecause"Mariawentshopping." Howcantheuseofothercoordinatorschangetherelationshipbetweenthetwoclauses?
Whatimplicationswouldtheuseof"yet"or"but"haveonthemeaningofthesentence?
COMPLEXSENTENCE
Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedbyoneormoredependentclauses.Acomplexsentencealwayshasasubordinatorsuchasbecause,since,after,although,orwhenorarelativepronounsuchasthat,who,orwhich.Inthefollowingcomplexsentences,subjectsareinyellow,verbsareingreen,andthesubordinatorsandtheircommas(whenrequired)areinred.
A.Whenhehandedinhishomework,heforgottogivetheteacherthelastpage.
B.Theteacherreturnedthehomeworkaftershenoticedtheerror.
C.Thestudentsarestudyingbecausetheyhaveatesttomorrow.
D.Aftertheyfinishedstudying,JuanandMariawenttothemovies.
E.JuanandMariawenttothemoviesaftertheyfinishedstudying.
WhenacomplexsentencebeginswithasubordinatorsuchassentencesAandD,acommaisrequiredattheendofthedependentclause.WhentheindependentclausebeginsthesentencewithsubordinatorsinthemiddleasinsentencesB,C,andE,nocommaisrequired.IfacommaisplacedbeforethesubordinatorsinsentencesB,C,andE,itiswrong.
NotethatsentencesDandEarethesameexceptsentenceDbeginswiththedependentclausewhichisfollowedbyacomma,andsentenceEbeginswiththeindependentclausewhichcontainsnocomma. ThecommaafterthedependentclauseinsentenceDisrequired,andexperiencedlistenersofEnglishwilloftenhearaslightpausethere. InsentenceE,however,therewillbenopausewhentheindependentclausebeginsthesentence.
COMPLEXSENTENCES/ADJECTIVECLAUSES
Finally,sentencescontainingadjectiveclauses(ordependentclauses)arealsocomplexbecausetheycontainanindependentclauseandadependentclause. Thesubjects,verbs,andsubordinatorsaremarkedthesameasintheprevioussentences,andinthesesentences,theindependentclausesarealsounderlined.
A.Thewomanwho(m)mymomtalkedtosellscosmetics.
B.ThebookthatJonathanreadisontheshelf.
C.ThehousewhichAbrahAM Lincolnwasborninisstillstanding.
D.ThetownwhereIgrewupisintheUnitedStates.
AdjectiveClausesarestudiedinthissiteseparately,butfornowitisimportanttoknowthatsentencescontainingadjectiveclausesarecomplex.
"sentenceidentification"quizzes
1:
HelenKellerwasborninTuscumbia,Alabama,in1880anddiedin1968.
Simple
Compound
Complex
2:
Untilshewas19monthsofage,hersightandhearingwerenormal.
Simple
Compound
Complex
3:
Attheageof19months,asevereillnessleftherdeafandblind.
Simple
Compound
Complex
4:
Whenshewasseven,shebeganhereducationinreadingandwritingwithAnneSullivanofthePerkinsInstitutefortheBlind.
Simple
Compound
Complex
5:
Throughpersistenceandstubbornness,AnnebreaksthroughHelen'swallsofsilenceanddarknessandteacheshertocommunicate.
Simple
Compound
Complex
6:
HelenKellerlearnedtoreadbytheBraillesystem,andshelearnedtowritebyusingaspeciallyconstructedtypewriter.
Simple
Compound
Complex
7:
Later,sheenteredRadcliffeCollegeandgraduatedwithhonorsin1904.
Simple
Compound
Complex
8:
HelenKeller'sstoryneededtobetold,soin1962,abeautifulmoviewasmadeaboutherlife.
Simple
Compound
Complex
9:
"Iftherewereonlyjoyintheworld,wecouldneverlearntobebraveandpatient."--HelenKeller
Simple
Compound
Complex
10:
"Lifeiseitheradaringadventure,oritisnothing."--HelenKeller
Simple
Compound
Complex
textbook:
p37P38exercise.
3.ReadtextbookP39-40.
Whataretheeffectsofloose,periodic,andbalancedsentences?
textbook:
p41exercise.
4.Shortsentences&Longsentences
Read4discoursesinourtextbookP42-43.
Whataretheeffectsofshortsentences&longsentences?