Chinese Traditional Music Revival.docx

Chinese Traditional Music Revival.docx

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ChineseTraditionalMusicRevival

ChineseTraditionalMusicRevival

　　THEclosingconcertonNovember22，2014ofthesecondBeijingHuqinMusicFestivalattheCentralConservatoryofMusicplayedtoacapacityaudience.Theconcertpresented，underthethemeof“fusion，”13piecesunder11programitems.ChinaConservatoryerhuplayerZhangZunlianraisedthecurtainwithhisrenditionoftheAutumnMoonovertheHanPalace.Threegenerationsoferhuartists，representedbyLiuChangfu，ChenYaoxing，ChenJun，ZhouWei，andZhuChangyao，evokedthedistinctcharismaofthisstrainoftraditionalChinesemusic.LiuChangfu’sperformanceofTheMoonMirroredinthePool，inparticular，reflectedthespiritofitscomposerHuaYanjun（alsoknownasBlindA-Bing）.TheconcludingpieceZigeunerweisen，（GypsyAirs，amusicalcompositionforviolinandorchestrabySpanishcomposerPablodeSarasate）adaptedfortheerhuandplayedasaquartetbyYanJiemin，YangXue，ZhaoYuanchun，andWangYing，broughtthehousedown.

　　Chinesetraditionalfolkmusicconcertsaresteadilygainingpopularity.TheChinaCentralNationalitiesOrchestra’sImpressionofChineseMusic，forinstance，hasoverthepast12monthsbeenabighitinseveralbigcities.

　　TraditionalMusicRevivification

　　BasedonafolksongchoirandanorchestraspecializingintraditionalChinesemusicoftheformerCentralEnsembleofSongsandDances，ChinaNationalOrchestrawasestablishedin1960.LinMohan，thendeputyMinisterofCulture，hadhighhopesthatitwould“reformChinesefolkmusicalinstrumentsandpromotenationalmusic.”

　　Folkmusicconsequentlyisandalwayshasbeentheorchestra’sfocus.ItsmusicianshavebeentoXi’aninShaanxiProvinceandZhoushaninZhejiangProvince，respectivelytoresearchdrummusicandgonganddrummusic.TheyhavealsoconductedstudiesinJiangsuonthetraditionalstringandwoodwindinstrumentspopularinregionssouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Thismethodologycontinuestothisday.Theorchestrahasestablishedcontactsintownsandvillagesthroughwhichtocollectfolkmusic.Inrecentyears，traditionalorchestralmusicconcertshavebeenwarmlyreceivedbyaudiences，BeautifulXinjiangandTibetinSpringinparticular.TheorchestrahaslaunchedprojectsandorganizedeventsaimedspecificallyatpromotingtraditionalChinesemusic.

　　TheorchestraalsobringstraditionalChinesemusictotheworld.ChinaNationalOrchestraheldconcertsinVienna’sGoldenHallin1998，1999and2010.In2003itsperformanceattheopeningceremonyoftheChineseCultureYearinFrancemarkedthestartthereofanationaltour.DuringtheBeijingOlympicGamesin2008，theorchestraperformedaconcertofChinesenationalmusicforvisitingheadsofstateattheGreatHallofthePeople，andin2013didaperformancetourofseveralU.S.cities.TheChinaNationalOrchestrarepertoirenowincludessignatureconcertsthathaveestablisheditsinternationalreputation.　　ChinesefolkmusiciansobservedWesternorchestraltechniquesinthe1920sand1930swhileatthesametimebearinginmindthecharacteristicsoftraditionalChinesemusicalinstruments.Thissetthestageforalarge-scalena-tionalmusicorchestracomprisingwind，percussion，andbowedandpluckedstringinstruments.Agoodnumberofthenationalorchestrasfoundedaftertheestablishmentin1949ofthePeople’sRepublicofChina，includingtheShanghaiChineseOrchestra，ChinaBroadcastingNationalOrchestraandGuangdongNationalOrchestra，weretaskedwithdevelopingtraditionalmusic.

　　Alargeorchestragenerallycomprises50to80members，whilethoseintheprovincesusuallyhave20to30.SmallerorchestrasinuniversitiesandsecondaryandprimaryschoolshavenurturedcountlessinheritorsoftraditionalChinesemusic.Amateurmusicgroupsplayingerhuandothertraditionalmusicalinstrumentsinparksandlocalneighborhoodsareacommonsightthroughoutthecountry.

　　Manyoutstandingplayershaveappearedamidthistraditionalmusicrevival.LiuMingyuan，LiuDehai，WangHuiran，WangGuotong，WangFandi，MinHuifen，XiaoBaiyong，TangLiangxing，andWuYuxiaareallvirtuosoperformersofthehuqin（bowedstringinstrumentsincludingtheerhu），pipa（afour-stringedlute）andliuqin（apluckedstringinstrument）.AmericanmusicianshavepraisederhuperformerMinHuifenasagenius.TheFrenchpressalsowaxeslyricalaboutherplaying，sayingthateventhepausesinherperformanceemitcadences.WuYuxia，pipamasteranddeputyheadofChinaNationalOrchestra，haswonawardsbothinChinaandabroad.SheplayedthethemeandincidentalmusicforsuchfilmsasTheLastEmperorandFarewellMyConcubine.

　　InheritanceandProgress

　　PerformersoftraditionalChinesemusicstrivetoinnovateandimprovetheirartthroughnewperformancetechniquesandbyupgradingtheirinstruments.WangHuiran’simprovementstotheliuqinhaveearnedhimtheepithet“fatheroftheliuqin.”

　　Theliuqinorliuyeqinissonamedforitsresemblancetoawillowleaf.（InChinese，liumeanswillow）.OriginatinginsouthernShandongandnorthernJiangsuprovinces，itisthemainstayofmusicalensemblesthataccompanylocaloperas.Thetraditionalliuqinhastwostrings，arangetoonarrowforsmoothorchestralintegration.

　　WangHuiranfirstcameupontheliuqinin1958duringatriptosouthernShandong.Hethereafterfocusedonimprovingtheinstrument.WorkingtogetherwithamusicalinstrumentsmanufacturerinXuzhou，JiangsuProvince，Wangproducedthefirstthree-stringliuqin，whichhassharpertonesthanthetraditionalmodel.Helateraddedafourthstring，sogivingtheinstrumentawiderrange.Theupgradedliuqinthushasthecharacteristicfeaturesofthepipa，sanxian（athree-stringfretlesspluckedinstrument）guzheng（Chinesezitherwithmovablebridges）andguitar，whichmakesitaveryexpressiveinstrument.Idealforsolos，italsoconstitutesthemuch-neededhigh-pitchedpluckedstringinstrumentpreviouslyabsentfromnationalmusicorchestras.China’sMinistryofCultureawardedWangforthisinnovation.Hehassincecomposedmanyworksforbothliuqinsolosandpluckedstringinstrumentensembles.　　Artisansandmanufacturersofnationalmusicalinstruments，meanwhile，areadvancingproductionmethodsofmusicalinstruments?

Cfrommaterialstoworkmanship.Zhang’sMusicalInstrumentsisaprivatefactoryinTianjin.FounderZhangFuqistartedoutmakingguqin（aseven-stringpluckedinstrument）andhuqin.HemadeseveralofthelatterforhuqinvirtuosoXuLanyuan，whowasespeciallyfavoredbylegendaryPekingOperamasterMeiLanfang.Today，Zhang’sbusinesshasexpandedtoincludethemanufactureofguzheng，erhu，pipa，flute，andruan（alutewithafrettedneck，circularbodyandfourstrings）.Some10veterancraftsmenfromalloverthecountryfashiontheseinstrumentsoutofdiversewoods，suchassandalwoodandblackwalnut.Zhangalsosetupanationalmusicalinstrumentsculturecenterthathasruntrainingprogramsforalmosttwodecades.

　　CulturalDividends

　　ChinaMusicalInstrumentAssociationdatashowthatin2012，China’s28large-scaletraditionalmusicalinstrumentmanufacturingcompaniesgeneratedatotalindustrialoutputvalueofRMB3.173billion?

C39.59percentmorethanthepreviousyear?

CandatotalsalesvalueofRMB3.113billion?

Canincreaseof39.54percentover2011.Salesoftheguzheng，themostpopularinstrumentamongnovices，havesoared.Forexample，morethan80，000DunhuangbrandguzhengproducedbyShanghaiNo.1NationalMusicInstrumentsFactoryweresoldin2013，generatingayear-onyeargrowthof27.4percentandsalesrevenuesinexcessofRMB200million.

　　Inrecentyears，governmentsatvariouslevelshavemadeconsistenteffortstopreserveandsupportChina’sfolkmusic.ManyprojectsinvolvingnationalmusicappearsuccessivelyonthefourlistsofnationalintangibleculturalheritageitemsreleasedbyChina’sMinistryofCulture.Theyincludetheperformanceartsofguzhengandpipa，themanufacturingandperformanceskillsofthefluteoftheQiangethnicgroup，thehorse-headstringedinstrumentcraftsmanshipoftheMongolianethnicgroup，andShanghaimanufacturingtechniquesoftraditionalmusicalinstruments.Therearestillmoreitemsonlocalprotectionlists.

　　Market-orientedInnovations

　　In2012theMinistryofCulturenamedmasterguzhengmakerXuZhengaooftheShanghaiNo.1NationalMusicInstrumentsFactoryaninheritorofnationalintangibleculturalheritage.

　　Xuwasbornin1933.HelefthishometownforShanghaiwhileinhisteenstomakealivingfromproducingpluckedstringinstruments.HejoinedShanghaiNo.1NationalMusicInstrumentsFactoryin1958，andwasapprenticedtoseniorguzhengmakerMiaoJinlin.Xuworkedsohardthathebecamequalifiedinjustoneyear.　　Attheendof1963，XuandMiaotogetherdevelopedanewtypeofguzhengthathasabroaderrangeandamoreaestheticallypleasingform.Asitlaterbecamethestandardguzheng，Xuisknownasthe“fatherofguzheng.”

　　“Afterthat，Istartedtodesigncarveddecorativepatternsfortheinstrument，”Xusaid.“Itwashardatfirst.Itriedtomakedragon，tigerandshrimpdesigns，butnoneofthemworked.”Afterpracticingdrawingeverydayhefinallydesignedfourcarvingstoembellishhisguzheng，someofwhicharestillappliedtoday.

　　Xuoftenseekstheopinionsofmusicianswhenmakingaguzhengsothathecanmakeinnovationstosuitperfor-manceneeds.In2001，XuZhengao，theninhislate60s，cooperatedwithprominentcarverZhongYamintomakeasandalwoodguzhengcarvedwithcranesandturtles，whichinChineseculturesymbolizelongevity.Thismasterpiecewonanationalartaward.FamousguzhengplayerWangZhongsha