国际结算英语.docx
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国际结算英语
INTERNATIONALSETTLEMENT(国际结算)
ThereareFourBasicMeansofPaymentsinInternationalSettlement.
Thefollowingcategoriesaretheusualmethodsofpaymenttosettleinternationaltransactions:
1.Cashinadvance(C/A)预付现金
Definition:
Thebuyerplacesthefundsatthedisposalofthesellerpriortoshipmentofthegoodsorprovisionofservices.买方在货物装运之前或劳务提供之前把资金交给卖方处理。
atthedisposalof:
由...支配,由...处理
这种付款方式费用高,而且有一定程度的风险。
当生产过程或交付的劳务是专业化并且资金紧张时,就不大应用这种方式。
在这种情况下双方可能同意通过预付部分款项或按进度付款等方式为经营融资。
Thismethodofpaymentisused:
–whenthebuyer’screditisdoubtful买方的信用有问题
–whenthereisanunstablepoliticaloreconomicenvironmentinthebuyer’scountry,and买方所在国有不稳定的政治或经济环境
–ifthereisapotentialdelayinthereceiptoffundsfromthebuyer,perhapsduetoeventsbeyondhiscontrol.由于买方无法控制的事件可能推迟从买方收到资金
2.Openaccount(赊帐)
Definition:
Anarrangementbetweenthebuyerandsellerwherebythegoodsaremanufacturedanddeliveredbeforepaymentisrequired.
买卖双方的一个协议,按照这个协议,买方在生产和交付货物之后才付款。
3.Collection(托收)
Definition:
Collectionisanarrangementwherebythegoodsareshippedandtherelevantbillofexchangeisdrawnbytheselleronthebuyer,and/ordocument(s)issenttotheseller’sbankwithclearinstructionsforcollectionthroughoneofitscorrespondentbankslocatedinthedomicileofthebuyer.托收是一个协议安排,按照这个协议,卖方装运货物,开立以买方为付款人的汇票,将汇票、单据连同明确的托收指示一起交给卖方的银行,通过该银行在买方所在地的代理行托收货款。
汇票:
billofexchange;draft
单据:
shippingdocuments;billoflading
托收委托书:
collectionorder
Thus,acollectionisusuallyprocessedthroughbanksactingastheintermediary.
1)Cleancollections光票托收
Cleancollectionsarecollectionsonfinancialinstruments(billsofexchange)withoutbeingaccompaniedbycommercialdocuments,suchasinvoice,billoflading,insurancepolicy,etc.光票托收指金融票据的托收,没有随附商业票据,如发票,提单等。
Thepayeeorholderofachequedrawnbysomeoneabroadmayrequirehisbanktosendthechequeabroadforcollection.Traveler'schequesareusuallysentbythebankbuyingthemtotheirissuingbankabroadforcollection.Promissorynotesmayalsobesentbythebankforcollectionsoastogetitspaymentfromtheoverseasmaker.Allthesearecalledcleancollections.外国人签发的支票的持有人或收款人或许要求其银行把支票送到国外托收。
旅行支票通常由购买支票的银行送到外国开立行托收款项。
本票也可由银行托收,以从海外出票人那里收到付款。
这些都是光票托收。
2)Documentarycollections跟单托收:
Definition:
Documentarycollectionsmaybedescribedascollectionsonfinancialinstrumentsbeingaccompaniedbycommercialdocumentsorcollectionsoncommercialdocumentswithoutbeingaccompaniedbyfinancialinstruments,thatiscommercialdocumentsalonewithoutabillofexchange.跟单托收可描述为对随附有商业单据的金融票据的托收,或托收商业单据而没有随附金融票据,即只有商业单据,没有汇票。
跟单托收的形式:
Documentsagainstpayment(D/P)付款交单Cashagainstdocuments(C.A.D)交单付现Documentsagainstacceptance(D/A)承兑交单Collectionwithacceptance:
releaseofdocumentsonlyagainstpayment(acceptanceD/P)连带承兑托收:
只凭付款交单(承兑D/P)
OperationofDocumentaryCollection:
跟单托收的运作
Aftertheexporterhasshippedthegoodsorrenderedservicestohiscustomersabroad,hedrawsabillofexchangeonthebuyerwithorwithoutshippingdocumentsattachedtheretoandthengivesthedrafttohisbanktogetherwithhisappropriatecollectioninstructions.出口商装运货物或提供劳务给外国客户以后,开立以买方为受票人(付款人)的汇票,随附或不随附装运单据,将汇票连同托收指示交给他的银行要求托收货款。
Procedureofadocumentarycollection:
跟单托收的步骤
1)Theexportershipsgoodsandobtainsdocumentsoftitle(billoflading)fromtheshippingline.出口商装运货物,从船运公司获取物证(提单)。
2)Theexporter,whoisknownastheprincipal,handsinthefollowingdocumentstohisbank(theremittingbank):
出口商为委托人,将下列单据交给其银行(委托行)
a.billofexchangedrawnontheimporter;以进口商为受票人的汇票
b.documentsoftitle(i.e.acompletesetofclean,shippedonboardbillsoflading,madeouttoorderandblankendorsed),andotherrelevantdocuments(insurancepolicyorcertificateofCIF);物权证书(即全套清洁已装船提单,提单应空白抬头,并且已由发货人空白背书)以及其它相应的单据
c.acollectionorderwhichcontainstheexporter’sinstructionstotheremittingbank.出口商向委托行下达托收指示的托收委托书
3)Theremittingbankcompletesitsowncollectionorderaddressedtotheimporter’sbank.Thiscollectionorderwillcontainthesameinstructionsastheexporter’soriginalcollectionorder.Thiscollectionorderisthensenttotheimporter’sbank,alongwiththeotherdocuments.委托行填写它自己寄交进口商银行的托收委托函。
这份托收委托书含有出口商原来的托收委托书里的全部指示。
委托行随后把托收委托书连同其它单据一齐寄给进口商的银行。
4)IftheinstructionsareD/P(documentsagainstpayment),theimporter’sbankwillreleasethedocumentstotheimporteronlyagainstpayment.如果指示付款交单,进口商的银行将凭付款放行单据给进口商。
IftheinstructionsareD/A(documentsagainstacceptance),theimporter’sbankwillreleasethedocumentsagainstacceptanceofthebillofexchangebytheimporter.如果是承兑交单,进口商的银行将凭汇票的承兑交单给进口商。
5)Ifandwhenthebillofexchange(ortheaccepteddraft)ispaid,theimporter’sbanksendsthefundstotheremittingbankforcredittotheprincipal’saccount.进口商支付汇票或承兑汇票以后,进口商银行将货款汇给委托行贷记到委托人的帐户。
3)Directcollection直接托收:
Definition:
Anarrangementwherebythesellerobtainshisbank’spre-numbereddirectcollectionletter,thusenablinghimtosendhisdocumentsdirectlytohisbank’scorrespondentbankforcollection.Thiskindofcollectionacceleratesthepaperworkprocess.卖方根据直接托收协议从银行获取事先编号的直接托收函,这样他能够直接把单据寄给该银行的代理行进行托收。
这种托收加快了文件运行的速度。
Partiesconcernedwithcollections:
1.theprincipal(exporterorseller)委托人(出口商或卖方)
2.theremittingbank(intheexporter’scountry)委托行(出口商所在国)
3.thecollectingbank(intheimporter’scountry,usuallythecorrespondentoftheremittingbank)托收行(进口商所在国,往往是委托行的代理行)
4.thepresentingbank(theimporterhasmaintainedanaccountwiththebank)提示行(进口商在该行开有帐户)
5.thedrawee(theimporterorbuyer)受票人(进口商或买方)
Collectionprocedure托收步骤:
1.Theprincipal(seller)presentsthecollectionstotheremittingbank.
2.Theremittingbankforwardsthecollectionstothecollectingbank.
3.Thecollectingbankpresentsthecollectionstotheimporterforpaymentoracceptance.
4.Theimporteracceptsorpaysthecollectionstothecollectingbank.
5.Thecollectingbankadvisestheremittingbankoftheacceptanceorpayment.
6.Theremittingbankreceivestheadviceofacceptanceorpaymentandnotifiestheprincipal.
7.Theprincipalreceivestheadviceofacceptanceorpayment,andgetstheproceedsfromtheremittingbank.
Thelegalandpracticalpositionregardingthedutiesoftheremittingbank关于委托行的责任的法律条文和惯例Whatistheremittingbank’sobligationregardingexaminationofthedocuments?
委托行检查单据的责任是什么?
Whatotherpointswouldthebankcheckinpractice?
按惯例银行要检查那些其它地方?
Thebank’slegalliabilityissetoutintheUniformRulesforCollections.Banksmustcheckthattheyappeartohavereceivedthedocumentsspecifiedinthecollectionorder,buttheyhavenoliabilitytoexaminethedocumentsinmoredetail.
托收统一规则规定了银行的法律责任。
银行必须检查他们是否收到托收委托书里指定的文件,但是没有责任对文件的详细内容作更仔细的检查。
Inpractice,theremittingbankwillmakethefollowingadditionchecksbeforeitsendsthedocumentsabroad:
(实际上,委托行在寄送单据到国外之前须做如下额外检查)Makesurethebillofexchangeiscorrectlydrawn,signedandendorsed.确认汇票的开立、签名和背书是正确的。
Ensurethattheamountofthebillofexchangeagreewiththeinvoice(andcollectionorderifapplicable)确认汇票的金额与发票一致。
Ifthebillofladingismadeouttoorderitmustbeendorsedinblankbytheshipper(whoisusuallytheexporter).如果提单是空白抬头,就必须经发货人空白背书(通常是出口商)。
Ifbillsofladingareused,afullsetwouldnormallyberequired.Ifanyaremissing,anexplanationshouldbeobtainedandthecollectingbankmustbeadvisedaccordingly.如果使用提单,通常要求全套提单。
如果有任何丢失,必须得到解释,并且通知托收行。
Ensurethattheshippingmarkstieuponalldocuments.保证全部单据上附有运输标志。
IftheinvoiceshowswhichIncotermsapply,checkthatthedocumentsconformtoit,e.g.withCIF,thebillofladingmustbemarked“freightpaid”andaninsurancedocumentshouldbepresent.如果发票上注明适用的国际贸易术语解释通则,检查单据是否与该价格条件相符,比如到岸价格条款,提单上须注明“运费已付”,而且要提示保险证书。
Makesurethattheinstructionsonthecollectionorderarelogical,e.g.releasedocumentsonpaymentwithasightdraft.确保托收委托书上的指示的逻辑性,如付款交单附有即期汇票。
Checkthebank’sreferencebooktoseeifthereareanyspecialdocumentaryrequirementsintheimporter’scountry.查看银行的参考书,弄清楚进口商国家是否有特殊的单据要求。
Ensurethatthecustomersignthecollectionorder.保证客户在托收委托书上签名。
Iftheremittingbankdoesnotmakeathoroughcheckofthedocuments,disastercanquicklyresult.Forinstance,therearemaybesomespecialrequirementintheimporter’scountry.Failuretofulfilthedocumentaryrequirementscouldmeanthatthegoodsarephysicallypresentintheimporter’scountry,buttheimportercannotobtainpossession.Inthiscase,theexporterhaslostphysicalpossessionofthegoodsbutwillnotbepaidforthem.如果委托行没有彻底检查单据,灾难很快就会降临。
例如,进口商国家有某些特别的单据要求。
没有达到这些单据要求意味着货物实际上出现在进口商国家,但进口商不能得到货物。
这样,出口商失去对货物的掌握,但无法得到货款。
UniformRulesforCollectionsApplicationofURC522(深蓝色封皮参考资料p131)
TheURC,1995Revision,ICCpublicationNo.522,shallapplytoallcollectionsasdefinedinArticle2wheresuchrulesareincorporatedintothetextofthe“CollectionInstruction”referredtoinArticle4andarebindingonallpartiestheretounlessotherwiseexpresslyagreedorcontrarytotheprovisionsofanational,stateorlocallawand/orregulationwhichcannotbedepartedfrom.托收统一规则(1995修订版国际商会出版物)适用于第二款定义的所有托收,这些规则写在第四条所指的“托收委托书”里,并且对所有有关各方都具有约束力,除非各方明确同意其它规则、或与国家、州或当地的不可违反的法律法规相矛盾。
*ICC(=InternationalChamberofCommerce)国际商会DefinitionofCollection托收的定义PartiestoaCollection托收的各方CollectionInstruction托收指示
a.i送交托收的所有单据必须随附托收委托书,注明托收遵循URC522,并给出全面准确的指示。
银行仅允许按照规则和按托收委托书里的指示行事。
ii银行不会为了得到指示而检查单据。
iii除非托收委托书有另外授权,银行将不理任何一方/任何银行/委托托收银行的任何指示presentation提示Sight/Acceptance即期和承兑ReleaseofCommercialDocuments商业单据的放行DocumentsAgainstAcceptance(D/A)vs.(与…相对)承兑交单DocumentsAgainstPayments付款交单CreationofDocuments开立单据GoodFaithandReasonableCare善意和谨慎Documentsvs.Go