On The Differences of Table Manners Between Chinese and Westerns Countries论文 定稿.docx

On The Differences of Table Manners Between Chinese and Westerns Countries论文 定稿.docx

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OnTheDifferencesofTableMannersBetweenChineseandWesternsCountries论文定稿

Subject：

OnTheDifferencesofTableMannersBetweenChineseandWesternsCountries

Content

Introduction…………………………….….1

1.ChineseTableMannersandCharacteristics…………………………………….2

2.WesternTableMannersandCharacteristics…………………………………….3

3.ThedifferencesofChineseandWesterntablemanners

3.1Diningtimeconcepts

3.2Differentnotion

4.TaboosofChineseandWesternTableManners

4.1Taboosduringthemeal

4.2Banquetmenutaboos

Conclusion

Reference

Acknowledgement

摘要

俗话说“民以食为天”，在当代吃不仅仅是解决饥饿，从中体现得更多的是文化内涵。

餐桌是展示优良礼仪的一个重要的地方,是生活的缩影，优雅的餐桌礼仪可能带来友谊甚至成功。

显然地,吃已经渗透到人们社会生活的方方面面，点点滴滴中流露出一个国家和民族的文化底蕴。

看看现在蓬勃发展的餐饮业，琳琅满目的各式餐厅酒店，标新立异的异国风味，别出心裁的特色菜肴，每天越来越多的人聚集到餐桌旁，开怀畅饮，谈笑风生。

餐桌礼仪作为一种社会习俗，由民族文化所决定，在世界各地存在着一定的差异。

中国作为文明古国自然有着深邃久远的餐桌礼仪，西方国家也在民族融合和现代化进程中形成了自己的餐桌礼仪。

中国和西方的餐桌礼仪存在着很多差异，研究它有益于帮助人们学习语言文化同时改善跨文化的沟通能力。

关键词:

餐桌礼仪不同点禁忌

Abstract

Thereisanoldsaying:

"Foodisthemostimportantforpeople"whichisnotonlydealwithhungeratpresent,butalsocontainsmoreculturalmeanings.Thediningtableisoneofthemostimportantplaceswheregoodmannersaredisplayed.Elegantmannersatthetablemaybringfriendshipandevensuccess.Obviously,Itisclearthateathaveinfiltratedintoeveryaspectofsociallife,bitbybitinashowofnationalandethnicculturalbackground.Nowlookattheboomingrestaurantindustry,thedazzlingvarietyofhotelrestaurants,themaverickexotic,trytobedifferentcharacteristicsofthedishes,everydaymoreandmorepeoplegatheredtothetable,happilydrinking,laughing.Tablemannersasasocialcustom,thedecisionbytheculturearoundtheworld,therearesomedifferences.Chinahasanaturaldeepastheancientcivilizationoftheancienttablemanner,Westerncountriesarealsonationalintegrationandmodernizationintheprocessofformingtheirowntablemanners.TherearemanydifferencesintablemannerbetweenChinaandtheWest，Researchingitwillhelppeopletolearnthelanguagecultureandimprovetheabilityofcommunicationincross-culturepractice.

Keywords:

tablemanners,difference,taboos

Introduction:

Mannersareimportantinsociety.Theyhelpustobeciviltooneanother.Becauseapersonwhomindshismannersknowshowtoactineverycircumstance,hetendstofeelcomfortableinunfamiliarsurroundings.Nowherearemannersmoreimportantthanatthetable.Tablemannerspreventdinersfrombeingsloppy,offensiveandboorish.Theyhelptocommunicaterespecttohostsandguestsalike.Tablemannersarenothardandintensiverules;rathertheyarehelpfulguidelinesinoursocialrelationships.Generally,peopleconsiderthathavingmealisverysimple,buttherearelotsofcultureandrulesinit.Forexample,someculturaldifferencesreflectedintablemannersbetweenChineseandtheWest.

ChineseTableMannersandCharacteristics

1.1InChinathehostisverywarmandmodesttotheirguests

Beforethecomingofguests,thehostwouldprepareasumptuousfeast.Therearedaintiesofeverykindpreparingonthetable.Therichusuallyeatshellfishandcrab,whilethecommonpeopleeatchicken,duck,fish,etc.Whenthefeaststarts,hosturgesgueststodrinkandeatmoreandpickupfoodfortheirguestfrequentlywiththeirownchopsticks.Inthehost'sopinion,theaimtoentertainistoletguestsdrinkandeattotheirheart'scontent.Whilethehosturgestheirgueststodrinkandeatmore,theyalwayssay:

"Thereislittletoeat,pleasemakethisdoforeating,"or"thesedishesarenotsogood,enjoyyourself."AfeatureinChinamustbemention:

Peopleeattogether.Itmeansthatpeopleusetheirownchopstickstopickupfoodinoneplate;theothersalsopickupfoodinthesameplate.However,thehostoftenusehimownchopstickstopickupfoodforguests.Thisisasignofgenuinefriendshipandpoliteness.Whenthefeastisfinished,thehostwillinvitetheirgueststodrinktea.IthasbeenacustominChina.Theychatwhentheydrinktea.Thehosturgesgueststodrinkteabutnotoverdoit.Inthepast,Chineseurgedguesttodrinktearepeatedly.Ithintstoguestthattheyshouldgonow.

Furthermorethehostarrangestheseatsinadvanceinordertowritethenamesofthesepeoplewhojointhebanquetontheirmarks.Thentheguestsareseatedingoodorder.Thearrangementofseatsembodiesrespectforguests.

Whereaguestisseateddependsonhisage,socialstatusandsoon."Takingtheleftforupper",itisthetraditionalcustominChina.Itmeanstheleftseatishigherthantherightone.Theguestofhonorshouldbearrangedontheleftofthehost.Inthepast,Chineseadvocatedsouth,eastandtheleft.Withthetime'sgoing,theviewofpositionhaschanged.Itdoesnotonlyinheritthetradition,butalsousesomeviewsofWesterncountiesforreference.Theguestshouldbearrangedontherightofthehost.Atpresent,whenpeopleholdmeetingortakeagroupphoto,theyareaffectedbythisrule.ChineseentertainedguestusingtheEight-Immortaltableintradition.Theseatfacedtothedooristheseatofhonor,whiletheothersareseatedaside.Theolder,theguestofhonor,thehigher-levelisseatedintheupperseat,andthehostssitatthelowerseat.Theotherguestsareseatinorder.Whentherearemorethanonetable,thehostandthehostessseattogetherinthemaintable.Thedistancefromthemaintabledeterminedthepositionofthesepeople.Theshorterthedistanceis,themoreimportanttheguestis.Themaintableisastandard.Therighttableishigherthantheleftone;theclosetableislowerthanthefarone.Themiddletableishigherthantheoneplaceaside.

1.2TheChinesemealneeds

Inadditiontothese,theChinesemealneedschopsticks,plate,bowl,scoop,smalldishesandsoon.Thebottleisputinfrontofplate,whiletheglassisputontheright.Thenumberofglassisthesamewiththeamountofwine.Napkinsmaybefoldedintosomebeautifulshapeorformtherectangleflattinginthecenteroftheplate.Ofcourse,theremustbeashtrayandtoothpickonthetable.Thereisonlyoneruleforaformaltableandthatiseverythingmustbegeometricallyspaced:

thecenterpieceintheactualcenter,theplacedatequaldistancesandallutensilsbalanced.Inaword,whatmustmatchisthequalityofeverythingputonthetable.

Ontheonehand,Chineseusebowltoeat.Thebowlisusedtoladlerice,soupandfood.ChinesehadusedthebowltoeatsincetheNewStoneAge.Chinesebowlismadeofchina.Thetraditionalstyleisinblueandwhite.Chinesedon'tusethebowlwithbrokenedge.Inthepast,beforeaconvictwassentencedtodeath,hewouldhavedrunkwine.Then,hebrokethebowlandshouted:

"Iwillbeabravemanin18years."Peoplealwaysassociatetheimperfectbowlwithaconvictsentencedtodeath.Sopeopleneverusebowlwithalittlecrack.

Ontheotherhand,Chinesealsousespoontoeat.Spoonisnormaltableware.Thereareartsusingit.Peopleusuallyusetherighthandtoholdthetopofspoon.Forefingerisputabovethehandle,whiletheuseofthumbandmiddlefingerareproppingunderthehandle.Someoneusethumbtopressthehandle,whiletheforefingerandthemiddlefingerpropupit.Thismethodiswrong.Spoonismainlyusedtoladleoutsoup.Sometimes,itisusedtofilltheslipperyfood,suchasnut,beanjelly,pea,steamedegg,etc.

WesternTableMannersandCharacteristics

2.1Beforethecomingofguests

Inwesterncountries,beforethecomingofguests,thehostneverservesmorethan6dishes,souporfreshfruitcupormelonorshellfish;Fish,onlyifshellfishisnotservedasafirstcourse;theentree,ormaincourse,usuallymeatorfowl,andvegetables;Salad;dessertandcoffee.

Sometimes,thedishespreparedforguestsareextremelysimple.TheWesternershopetheirguestsfeeljoyful.Meanwhile,theythinkthatinvitationisjustanoccasionforintercourse,achanceofthemaintenanceoffriendship.Andthemostimportantistogetmuchusefulinformationbyentertainment.Influencedbythisidea,entertainmentinWesterncountrieshardlyattachimportancetofood,butalsohavevariousandfreewaysofentertainment.Theycreatearelaxed,comfortableanddelightedairfortheirguestinathousandandoneways.Theywanttomaketheirguestenjoythatgoodtimefreely.Whenthefeaststarts,theWesternersarealsowarmtoguests,urgegueststodrinkandeat,butonlyonceortwice.Theyconsidersayingtoomuchwouldforcetheirviewsonothers.Itdoesnotconformtothewayonegetsalongwithpeople.Atlast,theWesternersliketohavesomepastriesanddrinkcoffee.Thecoffeespoonisnotusedtopoundthesugarcubeintopieces.Thespoonisonlyusedtostirthecoffee.Anddon'tscoopupcoffeedipperbydipper.Whenpeopledrinkcoffee,theyeatsomepastries.Theydon'ttakepastryinonehand,andholdcoffeeinanotherhand.Drinkingdoesn’talternatewitheating.Otherwise,peoplewillfeeltheyaregreedy.Inaddition,peopledonotaddsugartocoffeeforothers.Itisimpolitetoaddsugarwithoutknowingothers'taste.

2.2Usetherectangletable.

Oncommonoccasions,thelastnamesareusedonthetableexceptwhenthereismorethanoneguestwiththesamesurname,inwhichcase"Mr.TomWolf"and"Mr.JakeWolf"arewrittentomakethedistinction.Iftherearenoplacecards,thehostesswilltellguestswhereshewouldlikethemtosit.Guests'settingwouldbearrangedwithmenandwomenalternatingoneitherside.Thehostleadsthewayfortheguest.Thehostessisalwaysthelasttogointothediningroom.Menshouldholdchairsforthewomenontheirright.Themaleguestofhonor,eventhoughhehasescortedthehostessin,seatstheladyonhis