阅读命题规律.docx

阅读命题规律.docx

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阅读命题规律

【例1】

Solongasteachersfailtodistinguishbetweenteachingandlearning,theywillcontinuetoundertaketodoforchilldrenthatwhichonloychildrencandoforthemselves.Teachingchildrentoreadisnotpassingreadingontothem.Itiscertainlynotendlesshoursspentinactivitiesaboutreading.Douglasinsiststhat“readingcannotbetaughtdirectlyandschoolsshouldstoptryingtodotheimpossible.”

Teachingandlearningaretwoentirelydifferentprocesses.Theydifferinkindandfunction.Thefunctionofteachingistocreatetheconditionsandtheclimatethatwillmakeitpossibleforchildrentodevisethemostefficientsystemforteachingthemselvestoread.Teachingisalsoapublicacitivity:

itcanbeseenandobserved.

Learningtoreadinvolvesallthateachindividualdoestomakesenseoftheworldofprintedlanguage.Almostallofitisprivate,forlearningisanoccupationofthemind,andthatprocessisnotopetopublicscrutiny.

Ifteacherandlearnerrolesarenotinterchangeable,whatthencanbedonethroughteachingthatwillaidthechildinthequestforknowledge?

Smithhasoneprincipalruleforallteachinginstructions.“Makelearningtoreadeasy,whichmeansmakingreadingameaningful,enjoyableandfrequentexperienceforchildren.”

Whentherolesofteacherandlearnerareseenforwhattheyare,andwhenbothteachersandlearnersfulfillthemappropiately,thenmuchofthepressureandfeelingoffailureforbothiseliminated.Learningtoreadismadeeasierwhenteacherscreateanenvironmentwherechildrenaregiventheopportunitytosolvetheproblemoflearningtoreadbyreading.

Itishardtotrackthebluewhalel,theocean’slargestcreature,whichhasalmostbeenkilledoffbycommercialwhalingandisnowlistedasanendangeredspecies.Attachingradiodevicestoitisdifficult,andvisualsightingsaretoounreliabletogiverealinsightintoitsbehaviour.]

Sobiologistsweredelightedearlythisyearwhen,withthehelpoftheNavy,theywereabletotrackaparticularbluewhalefor43days,monitoringitssounds.ThiswaspossiblebecauseoftheNavy’sformerlytopo-secretsystemofunderwaterlisteningdevicesspanningtheoceans.

TrackingwhalesisbutoneexampleofanexcitingnewworldjustopeningtocivilianscientistsafterthecoldwarastheNavystartstoshareandpartelyuncoveritsglobalnetworkofunderwaterlisteningsystembuiltlloverthedecadestotracktheshipsofpotentialenemies.

Earthscientistsannouncedatanewsconferencerecentlythattheyhadusedthesystemforcloselymonitoringadeep-seavolcaniceruptionforthefirsttimeandthattheyplansimilarstudies.

Otherscientistshaveproposedtousethenetworkfortrackingoceancurrentsandmeasuringchangesinoceanandglobaltemperatures.

Thespeedofsoundinwaterisroughlyonemileasecond---slowerthanthroughlandbutfasterthanthroughair.Whatismostimportant,differentlayersofoceanwatercanactaschannelsforsounds,focusingtheminthesamewayastethoscope（听诊器）doeswhenitcarriesfaintnoisesfromapatient’schesttoadoctor’sear.Thisfocusingisthemainreasothatevenrelativelyweaksoundsintheocean,especiallylow-frequencyones,canoftentravelthousandsofmiles.

Americansareproudoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yettheyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,whetheritistheuniformofanelevatoroperatorortheuniformofafive-stargeneral.WhyareuniformsopopularintheUnitedStates?

Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthancivilianclothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.Thetelevisionreparimanwhowearsauniformtendstoinspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsincivilianclothes,Faithintheskillofagaragemechanicisincreasedbyauniform.Whateasierwayisthereforanurse,apoliceman,abarber,awaitertoloseprofessionalidentitythantostepoutofuniform?

Uniformsalsohavemanypracticallbenefits.Theysaveonotherclothes.Theysaveonlaundrybills.Theyaretax-deductible.Theyareoftenmorecomfortableandmoredurablethancivilianclothes.

Primaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlackofvarietyandtheconsequencelossofindividualityexperiencedbypeoplewhomustwearthem.Thoughtherearemanytypesofuniforms,thewearerofnaparticulartypeisgenerallystuckwithit,withoutchange,unitlretirement.Whenpeoplelookalike,theytendtothink,speak,andactsimilarly,onthejobatleast.

Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepracticalproblems.Thoughtheyarelongo-lasting,oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreaterthathecostofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsarealsoexpensivetomaintain,requiringprofessionaldrycleaningratherthanthehomelaunderingpossiblewithmanytypesofcivilianclothes.

命题规律3：

概括文章的标题

文章标题的选择就是主题的选择，所不同的是，主题或中心思想一般以句子的形式表达，而标题则以短语的形式表达。

因此，文章标题的选择必须建立在对文章充分了解的基础上，因此考生应先归纳全文中心大意，而后选出最能完整概括全文的标题。

【题目】Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.

A）UniformsandSociety

B）TheImportanceofWearingaUniform

C）PracticalBenefitsofWearingaUniform

D）AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofUniforms

【解析】本文可分为三个部分。

第1段提出话题：

uniform。

以下的四段中，每段的第1句都是该段的主题句。

第2、3段说明了制服的好处，第4、5段说的是制服的不利方面。

因此，这篇文章的主题是：

制服的利与弊。

【答案：

D】

第二节事实细节题、推理判断题的10种命题规律

事实细节题和推理判断题在历年考题中比例几乎是最大的，虽然它们的提问方式并不相同，但是它们的命题规律是一致的都是针对文章的某句话、某个对象等细节事实而出现。

事实细节题的命题方式通常有以下几种：

Whichofthefollowingis（NOT）truewhentalingabout…?

Whatistheexampleof…asdescribedinthepassage?

Thereasonfor…is.

Accordingtothepassage,when（where,why,how,who,etc.）…?

Thefollowingstatementsabout…aretrueEXCEPT.

推理判断题的命题方式通常有:

Thewriterimmpliesbutnotdirectlystatethat.

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat…is.

Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.

Whatdowelearnabout…fromParagrahX?

Thestudy/research/exampleof…indicatesthat.

命题规律1：

例子常考

举例子是作者说明每周观点时常用的一种写作手法，就例子的细节或目的提问则是考试的一项常见内容。

提问细节时当然对号入座就可以了，提问目的则要结合段落的主题来回答。

【例4】（…Exposedtohigherstandardsofserviceeverywhere,Israelisarereturninghomeexpectingthesame…）

Privatizaiton,orthethereatofit,isamotivationaswell.Monoplies（垄断者）thatuntilrecentlyhavebeenfreetotaketheircustomersforgrantednowfearwhatMichaelPerry,amarketingprofessor,calls“therevengefulconumer.”WhenthegovernmentopenedupcompetitionwithBezaq,thephonecompany,itsinternationalbranchlost40%ofitsmarketshare,evenwhileofferingcompetitiverates.SaysPerry,“Peoplewantedrevengeforalltheyearsofbadservice.”Theelectriccompany,whosemonopolymaybeshorto-lived,hassuddenlystoppedrequiringuserstowaithalfadayforarepairman.Now,appointmentsarescheduledtothehalf-hour.ThegracelessEIAIAirlines,whichisalreadyatauction,hasretraineditsemployeestoemphasizeserviceandisboastingabouttheresultsinanadcampaignwiththeslogan,“Youcanfeelthechangeintheair.”Forthefirsttime,praiseoutnumberscomplaintsoncustomersurveysheets.

【题目】1.IfsomeoneinIsraeltodayneedsarepairmanincaseofapowerfailure,.

A）theycanhaveitfixedinnotime

B）it’snolongernecessarytomakeanappointment

C）theappointmenttakesonlyhalfadaytomake

D）theyonlyhavetowaithalflanhouratmost

2.TheexampleofEIAIAirlinesshowsthat.

A）revengefulcustomersareathreattothemonopolyofenterprises

B）anadcampaignisawayoutforenterprisesinfrancialdifficulty

C）agoodsloganhasgreatpotentialforimprovingservice

D）staffretainingisessentialforbetterservice

【解析】本段共举了三个例子来说明“私有化的威胁使服务质量改善”的主题，提问涉及后两个例子：

电子公司和航空公司。

第1题为事实细节题，只涉及第二个例子内部的内容，从原文中的scheduledtothehalf-hour可知答案为D.第2题属于推理判断题，询问第三个例子支持什么观点。

值得注意的是，例子支持的观点通常会在例子前后提到。

根据原文最后两句，再联系本段第4句“人们想报复这些年来的差劲的服务”。

四个选项中只有C和D提到了这一点，但选项C中的slogan是improvingservice的结果，故不正确，因此答案为D。

【答案：

D】

命题规律2：

引文常考

使用引文，尤其是名人名言，是作者证明自己观点的一种行之有效的方法。

提问一般会针对引文的意思、目的、立场或作者对引文的态度。

【例5】Allworkandnoplaycouldmakeforsomeverymessed-upkid.“Playisthemostpowerfulwayachildexplorestheworldandlearnsabouthimself,”saysT.BerryBrazelton,professoratHarvardMedicalSchool.Unstructuredplayencouragesindependentthinkingandallowstheyoungtonegotiatetheirrelationshipswiththeirpeers,butkidsaged3to12spentonly12hoursaweekengagedinit.

【题目】Accordingtotheauthorachilddevelopsbetterif.

A）hehasplentyoftimereadingandstudying

B）heislefttoplaywithhispeersinhisownway

C）hehasmoretimeparticipatinginschoolactivities

D）heisfreetointeractwithhisworkingparents

命题规律3：

转折处常考

转折一般指由however,but,infact,nevertheless,nonetheless,yet等引导的句子，这些词前面的内容一般只是起铺垫的作用，后面才是语义和信息的焦点所在，是命题者的兴趣所在，也是答案所在。

由though或although引导的让步状语从句，焦点同样是主句。

对转折处的考查在四级考试中随处可见。

【例6】Historically,mostphysicall-fitnesstestshaveusuallyincludedmeasuresofmuscularstrengthandendurance,notforhealth-relatedreasons,butprimarilybecausesuchfitnesscomponentshavebeenrelatedtoperformanceinathletics.However,inrecentyears,evidencehasshownthattrainingprogramsdesignedprimarilytoimprovemuscularstrengthandendurancemightalsooffersomehealthbenefitsaswell.

【题目】Peopleweregivenphysicalfitnesstestsinordertofindout.

A）howwelltheycoulddoinathletics

B）whattheirhealthconditionwaslike

C）whatkindoffitnesscenterwassuitableforthem

D）whethertheywerefitforaerobicexercise

【解析】第1句内部有由but引导的一个转折句，而解答的关键就是转折词后面的内容，因此，本题选A（howwelltheycoulddoinathletics）是对relatedtoperformanceinathletics的解释）。

【答案：

A】

命题规律4：

对比处常考

对比处常见的标志是：

in/bycontrast（with）,inopposition（to）,onthecontrary,not…but…,ratherthan,while,ontheotherhand等词或词组。

这些地方涉及到两种事物观点情况等的对比，有的还体现出作者的态度和观点，因此也容易成为考试