阅读命题规律.docx

1、阅读命题规律【例1】So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for chilldren that which onloy children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities abo

2、ut reading. Douglas insists that “reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible.”Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make i

3、t possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public acitivity: it can be seen and observed.Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learn

4、ing is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not ope to public scrutiny.If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. “Make learning

5、 to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children.”When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teachers and learners fulfill them appropiately, then much of the pressure and feelingof failure for both is elimina

6、ted. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.It is hard to track the blue whalel, the oceans largest creature, which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling and is now li

7、sted as an endangered species. Attaching radio devices to it is difficult, and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behaviour.So biologists were delighted early this year when, with the help of the Navy, they were able to track a particular blue whale for 43 days, monito

8、ring its sounds. This was possible because of the Navys formerly topo-secret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans.Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partely uncover i

9、ts global network of underwater listening system builtll over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for closely monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption for the first time and that they plan similar s

10、tudies.Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring changesin ocean and global temperatures.The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second-slower than through land but faster than through air. What is most important, different layers of ocean

11、water can act as channels for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope(听诊器) does when it carries faint noises from a patients chest to a doctors ear. This focusing is the main reaso that even relatively weak sounds in the ocean, especially low-frequency ones, can often travel thousands of

12、 miles.Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniform so popular in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms, one of t

13、he first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repariman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes,

14、Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform?Uniforms also have many practicall benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They

15、 are tax-deductible. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequence loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of

16、 na particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, unitl retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are longo-lasting, often their initial expense is greater tha th

17、e cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes. 命题规律3：概括文章的标题文章标题的选择就是主题的选择，所不同的是，主题或中心思想一般以句子的形式表达，而标题则以短语的形式表达。因此，文章标题的选择必须建立在对文章充分了解的基础上，因此考生应先归纳全文中心大意，而后选出最

18、能完整概括全文的标题。【题目】The best title for this passage would be .A) Uniforms and Society B) The Importance of Wearing a UniformC) Practical Benefits of Wearing a UniformD) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms【解析】本文可分为三个部分。第1段提出话题：uniform。以下的四段中，每段的第1句都是该段的主题句。第2、3段说明了制服的好处，第4、5段说的是制服的不利方面。因此，这篇文章的主题是：制服

19、的利与弊。【答案：D】第二节 事实细节题、推理判断题的10种命题规律事实细节题和推理判断题在历年考题中比例几乎是最大的，虽然它们的提问方式并不相同，但是它们的命题规律是一致的都是针对文章的某句话、某个对象等细节事实而出现。事实细节题的命题方式通常有以下几种：Which of the following is (NOT) true when taling about?What is the example of as described in the passage?The reason for is .According to the passage, when (where,why, how

20、, who, etc.)?The following statements about are true EXCEPT .推理判断题的命题方式通常有:The writer immplies but not directly state that .It can be inferred from the passage that is .It can be concluded from the passage that .What do we learn about from Paragrah X?The study/research/example of indicates that .命题规

21、律1：例子常考举例子是作者说明每周观点时常用的一种写作手法，就例子的细节或目的提问则是考试的一项常见内容。提问细节时当然对号入座就可以了，提问目的则要结合段落的主题来回答。【例4】(Exposed to higher standards of service everywhere, Israelis are returning home expecting the same) Privatizaiton, or the thereat of it, is a motivation as well. Monoplies（垄断者 ）that until recently have been fre

22、e to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry, a marketing professor, calls “the revengeful conumer.” When the government opened up competition with Bezaq, the phonecompany, its international branch lost 40% of its market share, even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry,

23、“People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service.” The electric company, whose monopoly may be shorto-lived, has suddenly stopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman. Now, appointments are scheduled to the half-hour. The graceless EI AI Airlines, which is already at auction, ha

24、s retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan, “You can feel the change in the air.” For the first time, praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets.【题目】1. If someone in Israel today needs a repairman in case of a power

25、failure, .A) they can have it fixed in no timeB) its no longer necessary to make an appointmentC) the appointment takes only half a day to make D) they only have to wait halfl an hour at most2. The example of EI AI Airlines shows that .A) revengeful customers are a threat to the monopoly of enterpri

26、sesB) an ad campaign is a way out for enterprises in francial difficultyC) a good slogan has great potential for improving serviceD) staff retaining is essential for better service【解析】本段共举了三个例子来说明“私有化的威胁使服务质量改善”的主题，提问涉及后两个例子：电子公司和航空公司。第1题为事实细节题，只涉及第二个例子内部的内容，从原文中的scheduled to the half-hour可知答案为D.第2题

27、属于推理判断题，询问第三个例子支持什么观点。值得注意的是，例子支持的观点通常会在例子前后提到。根据原文最后两句，再联系本段第4句“人们想报复这些年来的差劲的服务”。四个选项中只有C和D提到了这一点，但选项C中的slogan是improving service的结果，故不正确，因此答案为D。【答案：D】命题规律2：引文常考使用引文，尤其是名人名言，是作者证明自己观点的一种行之有效的方法。提问一般会针对引文的意思、目的、立场或作者对引文的态度。【例5】All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kid. “Play is the

28、most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself,” says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School. Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids aged 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a

29、week engaged in it.【题目】According to the author a child develops better if .A) he has plenty of time reading and studyingB) he is left to play with his peers in his own wayC) he has more time participating in school activities D) he is free to interact with his working parents命题规律3：转折处常考转折一般指由however

30、, but, in fact, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet等引导的句子，这些词前面的内容一般只是起铺垫的作用，后面才是语义和信息的焦点所在，是命题者的兴趣所在，也是答案所在。由though或although引导的让步状语从句，焦点同样是主句。对转折处的考查在四级考试中随处可见。【例6】Historically, most physicall-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons

31、, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well.【题目】People were given physica

32、l fitness tests in order to find out .A) how well they could do in athleticsB) what their health condition was like C) what kind of fitness center was suitable for themD) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise【解析】第1句内部有由but引导的一个转折句，而解答的关键就是转折词后面的内容，因此，本题选A(how well they could do in athletics) 是对related to performance in athletics的解释）。【答案：A】命题规律4：对比处常考对比处常见的标志是：in/by contrast (with), in opposition (to), on the contrary, notbut, rather than, while, on the other hand等词或词组。这些地方涉及到两种事物观点情况等的对比，有的还体现出作者的态度和观点，因此也容易成为考试