listen this way 3 unit 3.docx

listen this way 3 unit 3.docx

《listen this way 3 unit 3.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《listen this way 3 unit 3.docx（11页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

listenthisway3unit3

Unit3ElNino?

LaNina?

PartI

D.warmer/greenhouseeffect/sealevels/climatezones

As1998endsandpeoplelookforwardtothelastyearofthecentury,theWorldAlmanacspokewithexpertsaboutwhatcomesnext.Almanaceditorialdirectorsaystheexpertsbelievethenextcenturywillbringlotsofchanges.

Warm,ofcourse,thatourclimateisgoingtocontinuegettingwarmer.That’sthesubject,bytheway,ofanothernewarticleonthe1999WorldAlmanac.Thegreenhouseeffect,exactlywhatcausesit,andwhatstepstobetakento,perhapstoalleviateglobalwarmings.I’veseenrecentlythat1998isgoingtogodownasthewarmestyeareveronrecord.Andsothat’sgoingtobeamajorissueofthenextcentury,andpossibletremendousconsequencesoftheglobalwarmings,whetheritisrisingsealevelsaffectingthcoastalareas;changesinclimatezonesaffectingwhatcropscanbegrown,andinwhatregions.Thisispotentiallyaverysignificanttrendtobewatched.

E.Cyclone:

Northorsouthofequator/Typhoon:

/Hurricane:

EasternPacific

Majoroceanstormsinthenorthernpartoftheworldusuallydevelopinlatesummerorautumnoverwatersneartheequator.Theyareknownbyseveraldifferentnames.ScientistscallthesestormscycloneswhentheyhappenjustnorthorsouthoftheequatorintheIndianOcean.InthewesternPacificOceanortheChinaSea,thesestormsarecalledtyphoons.IntheeasternPacificandAtlanticOcean,theyarecalledhurricanes.

PartII

A.Outline1.A.weatherpattern/globalclimate

B.1.twiceadecade2.12-18monthsC.1.warmerweather/2.wetterthanusual/drierD.thedeclineofwindsII.1.droughts

B.acyclicweatherpattern/abouttwiceadecade/wetter/drier/coldwaterawayfromSouthAmerica’swest/toexpandeastwardtowardtheAmerica’s/moveeastwardtoo/theweather

arondtheworld/droughts/rainsandflooding/ontheSouthAmericanfishingindustry/to

becomedepletive/thestrengthofit/

SatellitereadingsconfirmthatconditionsarerightforanotherElNino,acyclicweather

patternthataffectstheglobalclimate.

ElNino’snormallyshowupabouttwiceadecadeanditlastsabout12to18months,

bringingwarmerweathertopartsoftheearth.Someregionsbecomewetterthanusual,

othersdrier.TheElNino,whichbeganin1991haslingeredthroughthisyear.Although

severalyearsmighthavebeenexpectedtopassbeforethenextone,anAmerican-French

satelliteobservingtheoceanshasfoundasignthatElNinomaycomebackquickerthan

expected.

Thesekindsofthingsstillhappen.ThisisBrigJacker,anoceanographeroftheUSNaval

ResearchLaboratoryinMississippi.

Everyyearisunpredictable.OneyearmightbeElNinoyear,oneyearmightnot.Generally

ElNino’scomeinfouryearcycles.Butthere’snothingtosaythatyoucan’thavetwo

ElNinoyearsinarow.

ElNino’sbeginwiththedeclineofwindspullingcoldwaterawayfromSouthAmerica’s

westcoasttoaroundtheequator.ThisallowswarmwaterinthewesternPacificOceanto

expandeastwardtowardtheAmerica’s.Atthesametime,thecloudsandrainoverthewarm

watermoveeastwardtoo.RadaraboardtheAmerican-Frenchsatellitedetectedthehintthat

suchwatermovementbeganinearlyAugustandreachedSouthAmericatwomonthslater.It

sawaripplecalleda“Calvinwave”movingslowlyeastward.SuchpulsessometimesgiverisetoElNinoconditionsintheeasternequatorialPacific.

ElNino’scanchangetheweatheraroundtheworld,buthowmuchdependsonitsstrength.A

strongonein1982and1983hasbeenlinkedtodroughtsinAustraliaandIndonesia,rains

andfloodinginSouthAmerica,andunseasonablyin1991hascausedtrouble.Ithasbeen

associatedwithdevastatingfloodsintheUSsoutheastlastyearandintheUSMidwestthis

year.ElNino’sarehardontheSouthAmericanfishingindustry.Thewarmwatersprevent

nutrientsrichcoldwaterfromrisingtothesurface,causingfishstockstobecome

depletive.Mr.JackersaidanewElNinoapparentlywouldbemildbutheisnotbettingon

ityet.

TheUSNavaloceanographersayspredictionsaredifficultbecausethestrengthofElNino

dependsonhowwindsaffecttheCalvinwavethathasmovedacrossthePacific.

PartIIILickObservatory

B.location:

anhour’sdrive/summit/

Originofthename:

awealthybusinessman

Size:

onemeterdiameter/second

Time:

1888

Presentfunction:

research/aneducationaltool

C.wayofobservation:

humaneyes;inthecold/TVscreen

Gainsandlosses:

Romance/thesky/efficiency/reality/universe

Questions:

BecauselickObservatoryisnear“SiliconValley”,aregionofthestateshigh-

technology.

BecauseLickObservatorywasbuiltonhisestateandhewasburiedatthebaseofthe

telescopeatthiswonrequest.

Byusingthe19thcenturytelescope,youhaveafeelingofromancewithdirectviewingwith

thehumaneyes.Bysingthemoderndevices,youlosethatromancebutgaintheefficiency.

That’sanexchange.

It’saboutanhour’sdrivefromtheoutskirtsofSanJose,California,neartheupper

sideofthestate’shigh-technologyregionknownasSiliconValley.Asavisitordrivesup

thenarrowwindingroadpastredflowers,andeucalyptustrees,oneofthefirsttwo

seismographicstationsintheworld,it’salmostasurprisetoglimpsethelargestdomeof

LickObservatory’seighttelescopes.Overlookingtheworldofcomputeragemanufacturing

aretelescopesfromtheturnofthecenturywhichhelpshapeourunderstandingofthe

universe.

Thehugedome,housingLickObservatory’sgiant,onemeterwidereflectingtelescope,is

oneofthefewinstrumentsinmotionthismorningonMountHamilton.Atthe1260-meter

summitofMountHamiltonisasmallvillageof55permanentresidents,someofthem

studentsinaone-roomschoolhouse.Butmostattheresearchcomplexarevisiting

astronomerscatchingtheirfirsthoursofsleepinanolddormitoryafteranight’swork

atthetelescopes.RemintonStone,directorofoperationsatLickObservatoryhasworkedat

thetopofMountHamiltonforthreedecades.NowapartoftheUniversityofCalifornia,

LickObservatorygotitsnamefromawelthybusinessmanwhoneverstudiedastronomyasMR.

Stoneexplains:

“AndhecametoSanFrancisco,justbeforethegoldrushandhemadeahuge

amountofmoneyonrealestate.Whenhedied,hespecifiedthatsomeportionofhisestate

shouldbeusedtobuildthelargestandmostpowerfultelescopeyetmadeandwhichwasa36

inchatthattime.Andathisownrequestheisburiedatthebaseofthetelescope.So

thissamemorialtohimself.”

Thetelescopewithitsode-meter-diameterreflectinglenswasthelargesttelescopeinthe

worldforsevenyearsfollowingitscompletionin1888.andtoday,its’stillthesecond

largesttelescopeofitskind.Althoughtheonemeterreflectingtelescopeisstillused

forsomeresearch,itshardtoadapttoday’selectronicinstrumentstotheoldhistoric

telescope.Now,itisusedmostlyasaneducationaltoolforteachersandthethousandsof

visitorswhocomeeachyear.WhiletheothertelescopesatLickObservatoryareconnected

toelectronicimaginedevicesthatallowtheastronomerstoviewcelestialobjectson

televisionscreens,the19thcenturytelescopeallowsdirectviewingwiththehumaneye.It

’soneofthefewgianttelescopesintheworldthtstillrequiressomeuserstositout

inthecoldunderthedarkskyandthedome.ThatbringsafeelingofnostalgiatoReminton

Stone.

Ireallydomissbeingabletoseethesky,andseeingthesewonderfuldataappearinthe

computerscreenisreallynice,butit’sverydivorcedfromthereality,fromthe

universe.Imissalotbeinginadarkplaceinthesefieldstolookuptoseethestars.

Wegoouteverynowandthenifweareworkingat…,we’reatthecontrolroom,wedogo

outtokeeptrackoftheskies,wherethecloudsare,andsoforth,butonelosesthe

romanceandonegainsgreatlytheefficiency.It’satrade-off.

AstronomerRemintonStone,whomanagestheLickObservatorycomplexatthetopofmount

Hamilton,California.

PartIV.ThenationalclimaticDataCenter.

Outline

I.A.1951B.headquartersC.satellites,radar,solarradiationsystem,airplanes,ships

II.B.collectingweatherrecordsfromaroundtheworldD.publicationsaboutearth

environment.E.requestsfroinformationfromallovertheworld.

questions.

TheDepartmentofDefense,theNationalWeatherService,thecoastguard

TheofficehaswrittenweatherobservationsmadebyearlyAmericandiplomatBenjamin

FranklinandbythethirdPresidentoftheU.S.

Youcangettheinformationbycomputer,microfilmandtelephone

Americancities.Anotherpublicationhasmonthlyreportsfrom1500observationstations

aroundtheworld.

Thecenterhadmorethan900,000requestsfromgovernmentofficials,businessowners,

weatherresearchersandthegeneralpubliclastyear.

Moreandmorepeopleneedtoknowabouttheweather.Anyonewantinginformationaboutpast

weatherconditionscanturntoacentersupportedbytheUnitedStatesgovernment.

TheNationalClimaticDataCenterreportedlyhastheworld’slargestactivecollectionof

weatherinformation.TheNationalClimaticDataCenterorNCDCwasformedin1951.itwas

establishedasarecordcenterforAmerica’sDepartmentofCommerce.Itsheadquartersis

inthesoutherncityofAsheville,NorthCarolina.

TheNCDCcollectsweatherrecordsgatheredb