英语口语冰岛火山爆发 自动保存的.docx

英语口语冰岛火山爆发 自动保存的.docx

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英语口语冰岛火山爆发自动保存的

Icelanddisruptivevolcano冰岛火山破坏

Iceland'sdisruptivevolcano

Today,Britishcivilaviationauthoritiesorderedthecountry'sairspaceclosedasofnoon,duetoacloudofashdriftingfromtheeruptingEyjafjallajökullvolcanoinIceland.Thevolcanohaseruptedforthesecondtimeinlessthanamonth,meltingice,shootingsmokeandsteamintotheairandforcinghundredsofpeopletofleerisingfloodwaters.ThevolcanicashhasforcedthecancellationofmanyflightsanddisruptedairtrafficacrossnorthernEurope,strandingthousandsofpassengers.Collectedherearephotosofthemostrecenteruption,andoflastmonth'seruptions,whichwerefromthesamevolcano,justseveralmilesfurthereast.（17photostotal）

SmokebillowsfromaneruptingvolcanowhichseemstobeclosetothetopoftheEyjafjallaglacieronApril14,2010nearReykjavik.AllLondonflights,includingthosefromHeathrow,willbesuspendedfromnoon（1100GMT）todayduetovolcanicashfromIcelandthathasalreadycausedalmost300cancellationshere,officialssaid.（AFP/GettyImages）

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AnaerialhandoutphotofromtheIcelandicCoastGuardshowsfloodcausedbyavolcaniceruptionatEyjafjallaGlacierinsouthernIcelandApril14,2010.ThevolcaniceruptiononWednesdaypartiallymeltedaglacier,settingoffamajorfloodthatthreatenedtodamageroadsandbridgesandforcinghundredstoevacuatefromathinlypopulatedarea.PicturetakenApril14,2010.（REUTERS/IcelandicCoastGuard/ArniSaeberg）#

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MeltingicecausedbyavolcaniceruptionatEyjafjallaGlacierinsouthernIcelandApril14,2010.（REUTERS/IcelandicCoastGuard/ArniSaeberg）#

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PhototakenonApril14,2010theMarkarfljotglacialriver,westoftheEyjafjallaglacier.Iceland'ssecondvolcanoeruptioninlessthanamonthmeltedpartofaglacierandcausedheavyfloodingonApril14,forcingupto800peopletoevacuateandgroundingsomeflightsoverNorway.（HALLDORKOLBEINS/AFP/GettyImages）#

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FloodingcausedbyavolcaniceruptionatEyjafjallaGlacierinsouthernIcelandApril14,2010.（REUTERS/IcelandicCoastGuard/ArniSaeberg）#

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AmantakesapictureofaroadthathasbeenwashedawaybyfloodwaterfollowingthemeltingoftheEyjafjallaglacierduetotheeruptionofavolcanoonApril14,2010nearReykjavik.（HALLDORKOLBEINS/AFP/GettyImages）#

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InthisWednesdayApril14,2010photograph,smokeandsteamareseenrisingfromthevolcanoundertheEyjafjallaglacierinIceland,whicheruptedforthesecondtimeinlessthanamonth,meltingice,shootingsmokeandsteamintotheairandforcinghundredsofpeopletofleerisingfloodwaters.（APPhoto/IcelandicCoastguard）#

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Anatural-colorsatelliteimageshowslavafountains,lavaflows,avolcanicplume,andsteamfromvaporizedsnow.TheimagewasacquiredonMarch24,2010,bytheAdvancedLandImager（ALI）aboardNASA'sEarthObserving-1（EO-1）satellite.Thelavafountainsareorange-red,barelyvisibleatthe10-meter（33-foot）resolutionofthesatellite.Thescoriaconessurroundingthefissureareblack,asisthelavaflowextendingtothenortheast.Whitevolcanicgasesescapefromtheventanderuptinglava,whileasteamplumeriseswherethehotlavameetssnow.（Thebrightgreencoloralongtheedgeofthelavaflowisanartifactofthesensor.）（NASA'sEarthObservatory/RobertSimmon）#

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ThispicturetakenonMarch27,2010showslavaspurtingoutofthesiteofavolcaniceruptionattheEyjafjallajökullvolcanosome125kmeastofReykjavik.Withlavastillgushing,asmallIcelandicvolcanothatinitiallysenthundredsfleeingfromtheirhomesisturningintoaboonfortheislandnation'stourismindustry,asvisitorsflocktocatchaglimpseoftheeruption.

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TouristsgathertowatchlavaspurtoutofthesiteofavolcaniceruptionattheEyjafjallajökullvolcanoonMarch27,2010.Upto800peoplewereevacuatedinIcelandearlyonApril14,2010duetoavolcanoeruptionundertheEyjafjallajokullglacierinthesouthoftheisland,policeandgeophysicistssaid.

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PeoplegathertowatchlavaflowatthesiteofavolcaniceruptionattheEyjafjallajökullvolcanoneartheEyjafjallaglacieronMarch27,2010.#

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HeatshimmersabovelavaflowingfromtheEyjafjallajökullvolcanoinIcelandonMarch28th,2010.Originalhere.（

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LavaspewsoutofamountainonMarch21,2010intheregionoftheEyjafjallaglacierinIceland

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LavaspurtsoutofthesiteofavolcaniceruptionattheEyjafjallajökullvolcanoneartheEyjafjallaglacierinIcelandonMarch27,2010

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SmokeandsteamhangoverthevolcanoundertheEyjafjallaglacierinIceland,earlyThursdayApril15,2010.

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LavaspewsoutofamountainonMarch21,2010inHvolsvöllurintheregionoftheEyjafjallaglacierinIceland.

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SteamandhotgasesriseabovelavaflowingfromtheEyjafjallajökullvolcanoonApril3rd,2010.Originalhere.（UlrichLatzenhofer/CCBY-SA）#

The2010eruptionsofEyjafjallajökull（埃亚菲亚德拉火山）[ɛɪjaˌfjatl̥aˌjœkʏtl̥]areatimelineofvolcaniceventsatEyjafjöllinIcelandwhich,althoughrelativelysmallforvolcaniceruptions（爆发）,causedenormousdisruptiontoairtravelacrosswesternandnorthernEuropeoveraninitialperiodofsixdaysinApril2010.AdditionallocaliseddisruptioncontinuedintoMay2010.TheeruptionwasdeclaredofficiallyoverinOctober2010,whensnowontheglacierdidnotmelt.

Beginningon14 April2010,theeruptionenteredasecondphaseandcreatedanashcloudthatledtotheclosure（结束）ofmostofEurope'sIFRairspacefrom15until20 April2010.Consequently,averyhighproportionofflightswithin,to,andfromEuropewerecancelled,creatingthehighestlevelofairtraveldisruptionsincetheSecondWorldWar.

Thesecondphaseoftheeruptionstartedon14 April2010andresultedinanestimated250millioncubicmetresofejectedtephra（喷出的火山灰）.Theashplumerosetoaheightofapproximately9 kilometres,whichratestheexplosive（爆炸性的）poweroftheeruptionasa4ontheVolcanicExplosivityIndex.（火山爆炸性指数）。

Background

Eyjafjallajökull（pronounced [ˈɛɪjaˌfjatl̥aˌjœkʏtl̥] isoneoftheIceland'ssmallericecapslocatedinthefarsouthoftheisland.It'ssituatedtothenorthofSkógarandtothewestofthelargericecapMýrdalsjökull.

Theicecapcoversthecalderaofavolcano1,666 metres（5,466 ft）inheightthathaseruptedrelativelyfrequentlysincethelasticeage.Themostrecentmajoreruptionsoccurredin1921,1612（believedtohavelastedonlythreedays）andfrom1821to1823.[6]PreviouseruptionsofEyjafjallajökullhavebeenfollowedbyeruptionsatitslargerneighbour,Katla;.[7]On20 April2010IcelandicPresidentÓlafurGrímssonsaidthat,"thetimeforKatlatoeruptiscomingclose...we[Iceland]haveprepared...itishightimeforEuropeangovernmentsandairlineauthoritiesallovertheworldtostartplanningfortheeventualKatlaeruption".[8]

ThevolcaniceventsstartinginMarch2010areconsideredtobeasingleeruptiondividedintodifferentphases.Thefirsteruptionphaseejectedolivinebasalticandesitelava[9]severalhundredmetresintotheairinwhatisknownasaneffusiveeruption.Ashejectionfromthisphaseoftheeruptionissmall,risingtonomorethan4 kilometres（2.5 mi）intotheatmosphere.

On14April2010,however,theeruptionenteredanexplosivephaseandejectedfine,glass-richashtoover8 kilometres（5.0 mi）intotheatmosphere.ThesecondphaseisestimatedtobeaVEI4eruption,whichislarge,butnotnearlythemostpowerfuleruptionpossiblebyvolcanicstandards.Bywayofcomparison,theMountSt.Helenseruptionof1980wasratedas5ontheVEI,andthe1991eruptionofMountPinatubowasratedasa6.[citationneeded]

Whatmadethisvolcanicactivitysodisruptivetoairtravelwasthecombinationofthefollowingfourfactors:

[citationneeded]

1.Thevolcano'slocationisdirectlyunderthejetstream

2.Thedirectionofthejetstreamwasunusuallystableatthetimeoftheeruption'ssecondphase,maintainingacontinuoussouth-easterlyheading

3.Theseconderuptivephasetookplaceunder200 m（660 ft）ofglacialice.Theresultingmeltwaterflowedbackintotheeruptingvolcanowhichcreatedtwospecificphenomena:

1.Therapidlyvapourisingwatersignificantlyincreasedtheeruption'sexplosivepower

2.Theeruptinglavacooledveryrapidly,whichcreatedacloudofhighlyabrasive,glass-richash,thiscausedalargeamountofflightstobecancelledintheU.K.

4.Thevolcano'sexplosivepowerwassufficienttoinjectashdirectlyintotheJetStream.

Withoutthespecificcombinationoftheabovefactors,theeruptionofEyjafjallajökullwouldhavebeenamediumsized,somewhatnon-descripteruptionthatwouldhavebeenoflittleinteresttothoseoutsidethescientificcommunityorthoselivingintheimmediatevicinity.[citationneeded]However,theabovefactorswerepreciselythoserequiredforthejetstreamtocarrytheashdirectlyovernorthernEuropeintosomeofthebusiestairspaceintheworld.

Evacuations

About500farmersandtheirfamiliesfromtheareasofFljótshlíð,Eyjafjöll,andLandeyjarwereevacuatedovernight（includingagroupof30schoolchildrenandtheir3teachers[19][20]fromCaistorGrammarSchoolinEngland）,andflightstoandfromReykjavíkandKeflavíkInternationalAirportwerepostponed,butontheeveningof21 March,domesticandinternationalairtrafficwasallowedagain.[21][22][23]InhabitantsoftheriskzoneofFljótshlíð,Eyjafjöll,andLandeyjarareawereallowedtoreturntotheirfarmsandhomesafteraneveningmeetingwiththeCivilProtectionDepartmenton22 Marchandtheevacuationplanwastemporarilydismissed.Instead,thepoliceclosedtheroadtoÞór