可持续建筑绿色建筑外文翻译文献.docx

可持续建筑绿色建筑外文翻译文献.docx

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可持续建筑绿色建筑外文翻译文献

文献信息：

文献标题：

IssuesinSustainableArchitectureandPossibleSolutions（可持续建筑中的问题及可能的解决方案）

国外作者：

FatimaGhani

文献出处：

《InternationalJournalofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering》,2012,12

（1）,p21-24

字数统计：

英文1985单词，11317字符；中文3460汉字

外文文献：

IssuesinSustainableArchitectureandPossibleSolutions

Abstract—Thegrowingconcernwithenvironmentalandecologicalconditionshaveledtothediscussion/searchfor‘energyconscious’,‘Ecofriendly’,‘energyefficient’buildingdesigns.Forthebettergrowthofthefuture,keepinginviewtheenvironmentrelatedissues,thefirstobjectiveofthedesignerissustainabledevelopmenti.e.environmentallycompatiblebuildingdesigns.Sustainablearchitecturealsoreferredasgreenarchitectureisadesignthatusesnaturalbuildingmaterialse.g.earth,wood,stoneetc（notinvolvingpollutioninitstreatment）thatareenergyefficientandthatmakelittleornoimpactonthenatureofasiteanditsresources.ThispaperdiscussesissuesrelatedtoSustainable/environmentalarchitecture.Italsoconsiderspossiblesolutionsrelatedtotheseissues.

IndexTerms—Sustainable,Green,Architecture,Building,Design.Efficiency.

I.INTRODUCTION

Thewords"Green","Ecological"and"Sustainable"aretermsusedbyenvironmentaliststoindicatemodesofpractice.Fromglobaleconomicstohouseholdfeaturesthesepracticesminimizeourimpactontheenvironmentandgenerateahealthyplaceofliving.Inadeepersensethewordsinvolveastowhatcanbedonetohealandregeneratetheearth'sabilitytobearlife.

A.PrinciplesofEnvironmentallyOrientedDesign

InArchitecturetherearemanywaysabuildingmaybe"green"andrespondtothegrowingenvironmentalproblemsofourplanet.Sustainablearchitecturecanbepracticedstillmaintainingefficiency,beauty,layoutsandcosteffectiveness.Therearefivebasicareasofanenvironmentallyorienteddesign.TheyareHealthyInteriorEnvironment,EnergyEfficiency,EcologicalBuildingMaterials,BuildingFormandGoodDesign.

∙HealthyInteriorEnvironment:

Ithastobewellinsuredthatbuildingmaterialsandsystemsuseddonotemittoxicunhealthygasesandsubstancesinthebuiltspaces.Furtherextracarsandmeasuresaretobetakentoprovidemaximumlevelsoffreshairandadequateventilationtotheinteriorenvironment.

∙EnergyEfficiency:

Ithastobewellensuredthatthebuilding'suseofenergyisminimized.ThevariousHVACsystemsandmethodsofconstructionetc.shouldbesodesignedthatenergyconsumptionisminimal.

∙EcologicalBuildingMaterials:

Asfaraspossibletheuseofbuildingmaterialsshouldbefromrenewablesourceshavingrelativelysafesourcesofproduction.

∙BuildingForm:

Thebuildingformshouldrespondtothesite,region,climateandthematerialsavailabletherebygeneratingaharmonybetweentheinhabitantsandthesurroundings.

∙GoodDesign:

Structure&MaterialandAestheticsarethebasicparametersofdefiningdesign.Theyshouldbesointegratedthatthefinaloutcomeisawellbuilt,convenientandabeautifullivingspace.

TheseprinciplesofenvironmentallyorienteddesigncompriseyetanothermeaningfulandenvironmentalbuildingapproachcalledGreenorSustainabledesign.Architectsshouldusetheircreativityandperceptiontocorrelatetheseprinciplestogeneratelocallyappropriatestrategies,materialsandmethodskeepinginmindthateveryregionshouldemploydifferentgreenstrategies.

B.Definition

Sustainabilitymeans'tohold'upor'tosupportfrombelow'.Itreferstotheabilityofasociety,ecosystemoranysuchongoingsystem,tocontinuefunctioningintotheindefinitefuture（withoutbeingforcedintodeclinethroughexhaustionofkeyresources）.

Sustainablearchitectureinvolvesacombinationofvalues:

aesthetic,environmental,social,politicalandmoral.It'saboutone'sperceptionandtechnicalknowledgetoengageinacentralaspectofthepracticei.e.todesignandbuildinharmonywiththeenvironment.Itisthedutyofanarchitecttothinkrationallyaboutacombinationofissueslikesustainability,durability,longevity,appropriatematerialsandsenseofplace.

Thepresentenvironmentalconditionshaveledtothediscussion/searchfor‘energyconscious’,‘Ecofriendly’,‘energyefficient’buildingdesigns.Forthebettergrowthofthefuture,keepinginviewtheenvironmentrelatedissues,thefirstobjectiveofthedesignerisasustainabledevelopmenti.e.environmentallycompatible.ThispaperdiscussesissuesrelatedtoSustainable/environmentalarchitecture.Themainfocusofthepaperisonsustainablearchitecture-itsneed,solutionsandimpactonthefuture.

II.NEEDSANDISSUES

Theecologicalcrisistodayisveryseriousandtilldatemuchofthedebatestillfocusesonthesymptomsratherthanthecauses.Asaresultthereisanurgentneedtoemphasizeandworkoutthebestpossibleapproachtowardsenvironmentalprotectiontherebyminimizingfurtherdegradation.

Architecturepresentsauniquechallengeinthefieldofsustainability.Constructionprojectstypicallyconsumelargeamountsofmaterials,producetonsofwaste,andofteninvolveweighingthepreservationofbuildingsthathavehistoricalsignificanceagainstthedesireforthedevelopmentofnewer,moremoderndesigns.Sustainabledevelopmentisonesuchmeasure,whichpresentsanapproachthatcanlargelycontributetoenvironmentalprotection.AstrikingbalancebetweenEnvironmentalprotectionandSustainabledevelopmentisadifficultanddelicatetask.

Sustainabledesignisthethoughtfulintegrationofarchitecturewithelectrical,mechanical,andstructuralengineering.Inadditiontoconcernforthetraditionalaestheticsofmassing,proportion,scale,texture,shadow,andlight,thefacilitydesignteamneedstobeconcernedwithlongtermcosts:

environmental,economic,andhumanasshowninFigure1.

III.CONCEPTANDRELEVANCEOFSUSTAINABLEARCHITECTURE

InthepresentdayscenariotheideaandconceptofSustainableArchitecture/Developmentisrelevantinthelightofthefollowingtwoaspects:

a）EcologicalandEnvironmentalcrisis

b）Imminentdisastersandtheirmanagement

Someofthemajorcauses,whichgreatlycontributetothesetwoaspects,canbelistedas:

∙RapidUrbanizationandIndustrialization:

TheconsequencesofthiscanfurtherleadtoPopulationexplosion,Geologicaldepositsofsewageandgarbage,Unsustainablepatternsofliving&development,Environmentaldegradation（pollutionofair,water,soiletc,foodwebdisruption）.Thussustainableurbandevelopmentiscrucialtoimprovethelivesofurbanpopulationsandtheremainderoftheplanet.Bothpeopleandecosystemsimpacteduponbytheiractivities.

∙NaturalCalamities:

Naturalcalamitieslikevolcaniceruptions,earthquakes,flood,famineetc.whicharebeingfurtheraggravatedbymankindaddtothelistofotherilleffectslikeatomicexplosion,greenhouseeffect,ozonedepletionetc.Sustainabledesignattemptstohaveanunderstandingofthenaturalprocessesaswellastheenvironmentalimpactofthedesign.Makingnaturalcyclesandprocessesvisible,bringthedesignedenvironmentbacktolife.

∙DepletionofNon-renewablesources:

Rapiddepletionofnon-renewablesourcesisleadingtoseriousissuesrelatedtoenergy&waterconservationetc.Thustherationaluseofnaturalresourcesandappropriatemanagementofthebuildingstockcancontributetosavingscarceresources,reducingenergyconsumptionandimprovingenvironmentalquality.

IV.SOLUTIONS

A.SustainableConstruction

Sustainableconstructionisdefinedas"thecreationandresponsiblemanagementofahealthybuiltenvironmentbasedonresourceefficientandecologicalprinciples".Sustainabledesignedbuildingsaimtolessentheirimpactonourenvironmentthroughenergyandresourceefficiency.

"Sustainablebuilding"maybedefinedasbuildingpractices,whichstriveforintegralquality（includingeconomic,socialandenvironmentalperformance）inaverybroadway.Thus,therationaluseofnaturalresourcesandappropriatemanagementofthebuildingstockwillcontributetosavingscarceresources,reducingenergyconsumption（energyconservation）,andimprovingenvironmentalquality.

Sustainablebuildinginvolvesconsideringtheentirelifecycleofbuildings,takingenvironmentalquality,functionalqualityandfuturevaluesintoaccountenvironmentalinitiativesoftheconstructionsectorandthedemandsofusersarekeyfactorsinthemarket.Governmentswillbeabletogiveaconsiderableimpulsetosustainablebuildingsbyencouragingthesedevelopments.FurtherthevariousenergyrelatedissuesduringthedifferentphasesintheconstructionofbuildingscanbeunderstoodwithrespecttothechartshowninFigure2.

B.EnvironmentallyFriendlyHouses

FollowingthefivebasicprinciplesofenvironmentallyorienteddesigncanleadtotheconstructionofwhatcanbecalledasEnvironmentallyFriendlyHouse.Anenvironmentallyfriendlyhouseisdesignedandbuilttobeintunewithitsoccupants,nature,environmentandecosystem.Itisdesignedandbuiltaccordingtotheregionitislocatedin,keepinginmindtheclimate,material,availabilityandbuildingpractices.Thebasicareasofdesignneedtobeconsideredatthisstagecanbelistedas:

∙Orientation

∙ReduceEnergyGainorLoss

∙Lighting

∙ResponsibleLandscaping

∙WasteManagement

∙ExternalVentilation

C.GreenBuilding

Agreenbuildingplacesahighpriorityonhealth,environmentalandresourceconservationperformanceoveritslifecycle.Thesenewprioritiesexpandandcomplementtheclassicalbuildingdesignconcerns:

economy,utility,durabilityanddelight.Greendesignemphasizeanumberofnewenvironmental,resourceandoccupanthealthconcerns:

∙Reduce