南京景点英语导游词.docx

南京景点英语导游词.docx

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南京景点英语导游词

南京景点英语导游词

　　amongthehistoricalandculturalattractionsinnanjing,thebestknownisdr.sunyatsen’smausoleum.

　　dr.sunyatsen’smausoleumsitsonthesouthernslopeofthepurplemountainintheeasternsuburbsofthecity.designedbyayoungarchitectluyanzhi,themausoleumtookmorethan3yearstobuildandcost1.5millionsilverdollars.theconstructionbeganonmarch12,1926andcompletedin1929whendr.sunyatsenwasburiedthereonjune1.

　　dr.sunyatsen,alsonamedsunwenorsunzhongshan,isconsideredasthefatherofthechinesedemocraticrevolution.borninapeasantfamilyinguangdongprovincein1866,hehadhisprimaryeducationinhonolulu,hawaiisponsoredbyhiselderbrotherfrom1878to1883.hewassosadwhenhesawthepovertyofthecountryuponhisreturn.chinahadbeenasuperpowerforcenturies.butsincethemiddleofqingdynastyinthe1800’s,chinabegantodecline,whichowedagreatdealtothecorruptionsandincompetenceoftheqinggovernment.foreigninvasionsandpeasantrebellionsmadeitevenworse.theopiumwarin1840endedwiththe“treatyofnanjing”.chinawasforcedtopayanindemnityof21millionsilverdollarsandcedehongkongtothegreatbritainandopen5freeportcitiestothewesterners,whichwereguangzhou,xiamen,fuzhou,ningboandshanghai.followingwerethewarsagainlaunchedbyfrancein1883andjapanin1894.thechinesepeoplelivedinamiserablelife.theywerereferredtothe“sickmanoftheorient”bythewesterners.dr.sunyatsendreamedtosavethenationbypracticingmedicineandthatledhimtohongkongtolearnmedicinewhenhewas21yearsold.however,itdidnotwork.therealitymadehimgiveuphismedicalcareerinhishometownandmacaobutturntopoliticsin1893.

　　fromthenon,hekeptpetitioningtotheqinggovernmentforreformsbutwasneverresponded.atgreatdisappointment,heleftthecountrylaterandwentcanvassingextensivelyintheunitedstatesofamerica,europeandjapan,tryingtowinthesympathyandsupportfromtheoverseaschinese.withthefundsraised,heorganized“revivechinaleague”-china’sfirstbourgeoisorganization.thefollowing1905witnessedthefoundingofthe“chineserevolutionaryleague”headedbydr.sunyatsen,apartywithaclear-cutprogramof“expeltartars,restorechina,establishrepublic&equalizeland.”dr.sunyatsenalsoputforth3democraticprinciplesof“nationalism,democracy&people’slivelihood”ashispoliticalgoal.thearmedmovementsagainsttheqinggovernmenttookplacecontinuously.

　　themostimportanteventfollowingwasthe1911revolutioninwuhanledbydr.sunyatsen,whichdrovethelastemperoroftheqingdynastyoutoftheforbiddencityinbeijing,markingtheendoftheolddynasticsysteminchina.inthesameyear,therepresentativesof17provincesmetinnanjingandelecteddr.sunyatsenpresidentoftheprovisionalgovernmentoftherepublicofchina.onjanuary1,1912itwasinnanjingwherethefirstrepublicinchinesehistorywasfoundedanddr.sunyatseninauguratedhispresidency.

　　unfortunatelythenewrepublicwasthreatenedbypowerfulwarlordsinthenorth.toavoidpoliticalcrisisandsavetherepublic,dr.sunyatsencompromisedconditionallywiththemajornorthernwarlordnamedyuanshikaiwhohadbeenpursuingthenationalpowerforalongtime.heresignedattheendofmarch1912,butneverstoppedpursuinghisgoal.

　　soonafterthat,chinawentintochaoticcivilwarsagain.thesituationledtoaseriesofmovementslike“thesecondrevolution,”“savetherepublic,”“restorethelegislation”and“thenorthernexpeditions”inthefollowingyears.dr.sunyatsenspentmostofhistimedealingwithwarlords.notuntil1921,dr.sunyatsenresumedhispresidencyinguangzhou.atthefirstnationalcongressofthechinesekuomintangin1924,headoptedthepolicyof“alliancewithrussiaandcommunists,assistancetopeasantsandworkers”andofficiallyacknowledgedthecooperationbetweenthenationalistpartyandcommunistpartyinrunningthegovernment.

　　innovemberof1924,dr.sunyatsen,despitehispoorhealth,madeanexpeditiontothenorthwithhisambitiontoeliminatewarlords,expelimperialistsandabrogateunequaltreaties.hewaswarmlygreetedbythousandsofpeopleuponhisarrivalinbeijing.hemetwithmanypoliticiansandwarlords,tryingtopersuadethemtogetunitedtobuildanewchina.buttheresultdidnotlookoptimistic.hebecameverysickduetohardworkandhadtobehospitalized.thediagnosisturnedouthewassufferinganadvanced-stagelivercancer.whenherealizeditwouldnotbeverylongforhimtostayinthisworld,hedictatedhisassistant3lastwills,onetohisparty,onetotherussiangovernmentandtheothertohiswifemadamsongqingling.onmarch12,1925dr.sunyatsenpassedawayinbeijingunionhospital.

　　dr.sunyatsenisagreatmanbecausehedevoted40yearsofhislifetopursuinghisdreamtooverthrowthefeudalmonarchyandbuildanuntieddemocraticchina.

　　whywasdr.sunyatsenburiedinnanjinginsteadofinhishometownorbeijingwherehediedthemausoleumsitewasfirstrecommendedtodr.sunyatsenbytheabbotoflinggutempleforitsgoodgeomanticomen.onedayinapril,1912whenhewenthuntingtothesitewithhisfriends,dr.sunyatsenwasreallysoamazedbythebeautifulenvironmentthathewishedthepeoplewouldallowhimtobeburiedthereafterhisdeath.heexpressedthisdesireagaininhissickbedin1925.

　　dr.sunyatsen’smausoleumisdesignedintheshapeofalibertybell,intendingtoremindpeoplenevertogetself-contented.thewholearchitecture,fromthegateway,tothemainentrance,tabletpavilion,memorialhallandthetombvault,liesonthenorth-southaxiswith392stepsand10platformsinbetween.thebuildingsareallconstructedwithnaturalgraniteandmarblesandcoveredbyblueglazed-tileroofs.

　　oppositetothebronzeincense-burneroffthesquare,standsthe12-metrehighgatewayofthreearcheswithdr.sunyatsen’shandwriting“fraternity”carvedonitsfronttop.the480-meterlongtombavenue,linedwithpine,gingkoandmapletrees,leadstothemainentrance.dr.sunyatsen’smotto“theworldbelongstothepeople”canbeseenrightabovethedoorinthemiddle.walkingthroughit,thefirstbuildingyouwillseeisthetabletpavilionwhichhousesahugetombstone.thetombstoneisengravedwith“premierdr.sunisburiedherebythechinesenationalistpartyonjune1,1929.”fromthere,apanoramicviewofthememorialhallcanbeobtained.however,therearestill290stepstogobeforeyoureachthememorialhallonthetop.thememorialhallstands73.33metersabovetheground.inthecenterofthememorialhallsitstheitalianwhitemarblestatueofdr.sunyatsenmountedonapedestalcarvedinbas-reliefbyapolishsculptor.thesurroundingwallsareinscribedwiththenationalconstitutionwrittenbydr.sunyatsen.beyondthememorialhallisthetombvault.standingbythepoolinside,ifyoulookdown,youbowtoseedr.sunyatsen’srecliningmarblestatuewithhisbodyburied5metersunderneath.ifyoulookup,youfindtheemblemofthenationalistpartyontheceiling.

　　whenyouwrapupyourhomagetourandstepdown,youwillnotonlyenjoyabird’s-eyeviewofbeautifulnanjing,butalsofeeltotallyrelievedbecauseyoudonotseeanymorethose392stepsyouhaveconquered.notuntilthen,youwillnotunderstandhowgreatdr.sunyatsenis.

　　the600-year-oldmingtomb,lyingatthesouthernfootofthepurplemountain,isthetombforzhuyuanzhang,thefirstemperorofthemingdynastyfrom1368to1398.

　　bornintoapoorpeasantfamilyinfengyangcounty,anhuiprovincein1328,zhuyuanzhanglosthisparentsinhischildhoodandbecameamonkathuangjuetemple.in1352,hejoinedtheredturbanarmyledbyguozixin.hemarriedguozixin’sadopteddaughterandbecamethecommandinggenerallater.zhuyuanzhangtookovernanjingin1356andmadeitthecapitalin1368whenheconqueredtherestpartsofchinaandestablishedthemingdynasty.

　　zhuyuanzhangbegantohavehistombbuiltin1381whenhiswifedied.theempresswasburiedinthetombin1383.butemperorzhuyuanzhangdiedin1398andwasburiedhereinthesameyear.

　　nowwearereachingthetombgate,knownasgrandgoldengate.mingtombisdividedintotwoparts.thefirstpartisfromhorsedismountingarchgatetolinxingate,1800meterslong,servingasthetombavenue.thesecondpartisthetombitself.therewasoriginallyagrandredwall,22.5kilometerslong,enclosingthewholetombarea.thetombcomplexwasverylargewithmanysplendidbuildings.100000pineswereplantedand1000deerraisedinside.unfortunately,thislargegroupofbuildingswasruinedduringthewartime,oncebetweenthemingandqingdynastiesandtheothertimewhentaipingpeasantarmywassuppressedbytheqingdynastyarmy.allthewoodenstructuresweredestroyed.howeverwecanstillseetheexquisitestonecarvingsfromthestonebasesandimaginehowitlookedlike600yearsago.

　　atthehorsedismountingarchgate,theinscriptioncanbeseenalltheofficialsmustdismountfromtheirhorsebackshere.thisshowstheabsolutedignityofemperorzhuyuanzhangatthattime.

　　hereweareatthesquarecity,alsocalledthestonetablethouse.itstopisgonebutthesurroundingwallsandfourarchwaysarestillremaining,justlikeacastle.thegreatmingdynastywonderfulachievementsandmeritstablet,8.78metershigh,builtin1413bythethirdemperorofthemingdynasty,isthehighestancienttabletinnanjing.therearealtogether2746chinesecharactersonthetablet,whichpraiseemperorzhuyuanzhangforhisdeedsandmeritsbyhisfourthsonwhomadehimself