专题08 阅读理解说明文高考英语母题题源系列解析版.docx

专题08 阅读理解说明文高考英语母题题源系列解析版.docx

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专题08阅读理解说明文高考英语母题题源系列解析版

专题08阅读理解（说明文）

【母题来源一】【2019·全国卷I，D】

Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool（小学）,Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.

Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:

thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:

statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.

Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein’sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage（从事）indangerousandriskybehavior.”

Inonestudy,Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys（调查研究）.“Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus."

Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate-sharing,kindness,openness—carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.

Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch，Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion:

Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too."Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,”hesaid.

32.Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?

A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.

33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？

A.Theclassificationofthepopular.

B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.

C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.

D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior

34.WhatdidDr.Prinstein’sstudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?

A.Theyappearedtobeaggressive.

B.Theytendedtobemoreadaptable.

C.Theyenjoyedthehigheststatus.

D.Theyperformedwellacademically.

35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.BeNice-YouWon’tFinishLast

B.TheHighertheStatus,theBeer

C.BetheBest-YouCanMakeIt

D.MoreSelf-Control,LessAggressiveness

【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。

文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。

32.C

【解析】推理判断题。

根据第一段Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool,Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。

）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。

unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的，故选C。

33.A

【解析】主旨大意题。

第二段MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:

thelikableandthestatusseekers.（临床心理学教授MitchPrinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:

讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。

）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对thelikable和thestatusseekers做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。

34.B

【解析】推理判断题。

根据第四段Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment（它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授MitchPrinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。

35.A

【解析】标题归纳题。

通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。

与选项A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。

【母题来源二】【2019·全国卷II，D】

Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms（微生物）fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?

It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclass,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.

HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution（解决方案）.“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.

“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?

’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendofyear,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and…it’snotaverynicethingattime.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”

GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact（影响）oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?

GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.

32.WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?

A.Theyarehardtogetridof.B.Theyleadtoairpollution.

C.Theyappeardifferentforms.D.Theydamagetheinstruments.

33.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?

A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B.Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.

C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation

34.WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?

A.Checktheirproduct.B.Guideprojectdesigns

C.Adjustworkschedules.D.Gradetheirhomework.

35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.NASA:

TheHomeofAstronauts.

B.Space:

TheFinalHomeworkFrontier.

C.Nature:

AnOutdoorClassroom.

D.HUNCH:

ACollegeAdmissionReform.

【语篇解读】本文为说明文。

本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。

32.A

【解析】细节理解题。

根据第一段中的“Bacteriaareannoyingproblemforastronauts.ThemicroorganismsformourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。

这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。

也就是说它们很难去掉。

其中的“themicroorganisms”包括“bacteria”。

由此可知，A项符合题意。

33.D

【解析】推理判断题。

根据第二段的“HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程师联系起来。

Gordon的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌,...”。

结合最后一段中的“GordonstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,...”可知，学生每天都给NASA的工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。

由此可推断出HUNCHprogram的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。

分析选项可知D项符合题意。

34.A

【解析】细节理解题。

根据第三段中的“I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA,”“Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview，and...It’snotaverynicethingattimes.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”可知，NASA的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。

分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。

35.B

主旨大意题。

文章以国际空间站里的微生物很难清除开头，引出宇航员们解决此问题的途径——借助美国国家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来。

在这项计划里，学生们通过homework（制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品）探索无疆的太空，因此“太空：

最后的功课疆域”最适合做文章的标题。

故选B。

【母题来源三】【2019·全国卷III，C】

Beforethe1830s

mostnewspapersweresoldthroughannualsubscriptionsinAmerica,usually$8to$10ayear.Today$8or$10seemsasmallamountofmoney,butatthattimetheseamountswereforbiddingtomostcitizens.Accordingly,newspaperswerereadalmostonlybyrichpeopleinpoliticsorthetrades.Inaddition,mostnewspapershadlittleinthemthatwouldappealtoamassaudience.Theyweredullandvisuallyforbidding.Buttherevolutionthatwastakingplaceinthe1830swouldchangeallthat.

Thetrend,then,wastowardthe"pennypaper"-atermreferringtopapersmadewidelyavailabletothepublic.Itmeantanyinexpensivenewspaper;perhapsmoreimportantlyitmeantnewspapersthatcouldbeboughtinsinglecopiesonthestreet.

Thisdevelopmentdidnottakeplaceovernight.Ithadbeenpossible（butnoteasy）tobuysinglecopiesofnewspapersbefore1830,butthisusuallymeantthereaderhadtogodowntotheprinter'sofficetopurchaseacopy.Streetsaleswerealmostunknown.However,withinafewyears,streetsalesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplaceineasterncities.Atfirstthepriceofsinglecopieswasseldomapenny-usuallytwoorthreecentswascharged-andsomeoftheolderwell-knownpaperschargedfiveorsixcents.Butthephrase"pennypaper"caughtthepublic'sfancy,andsoontherewouldbepapersthatdidindeedsellforonlyapenny.

Thisnewtrendofnewspapersfor"themanonthestreet"didnotbeginwell.Someoftheearlyventures（企业）wereimmediatefailures.Publishersalreadyinbusiness,peoplewhowereownersofsuccessfulpapers,hadlittledesiretochangethetradition.Ittookafewyouthfulanddaringbusinessmentogettheballrolling.

28.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesnewspapersinAmericabeforethe1830s?

A.Academic.B.Unattractive.C.Inexpensive.D.Confidential.

29.Whatdidstreetsalesmeantonewspapers?

A.Theywouldbepricedhigher.B.Theywoulddisappearfromcities.

C.Theycouldhavemorereaders.D.Theycouldregainpublictrust.

30.Whowerethenewspapersofthenewtrendtargetedat?

A.Localpoliticians.B.Commonpeople.

C.Youngpublishers.D.Richbusinessmen.

31.Whatcanwesayaboutthebirthofthepennypaper?

A.Itwasadifficultprocess.B.Itwasatemporarysuccess.

C.Itwasarobberyofthepoor.D.Itwasadisasterforprinters.

【语篇解读】本文为说明文。

文章叙述了“便士报纸”的诞生历史。

28.B

【解析】细节理解题。

根据第一段中的“Before1830s，...Accordinglynewspaperswer