专题08 阅读理解说明文高考英语母题题源系列解析版.docx

1、专题08 阅读理解说明文高考英语母题题源系列解析版专题08 阅读理解（说明文）【母题来源一】【2019全国卷I，D】During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in

2、 the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable an

3、d the status seekers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even disho

4、norable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”In one study, Dr. Prinst

5、ein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in sta

6、tus. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness carry over to later years and make you better able t

7、o relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experi

8、ences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？A. The classification of the popular.B. The characteristics of adolescents.C. Th

9、e importance of interpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior34. What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids?A. They appeared to be aggressive.B. They tended to be more adaptable.C. They enjoyed the highest status.D. They performed well academically.35. What is the bes

10、t title for the text?A. Be Nice-You Wont Finish LastB. The Higher the Status, the BeerC. Be the Best-You Can Make ItD. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。32.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls

11、and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的，故选C。33.A 【解析】主旨大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status

12、 seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。34.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。35.A 【解析

13、】标题归纳题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对别人好最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。【母题来源二】 【2019全国卷II，D】Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning

14、 them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? Its turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HU

15、NCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordons students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think theyre close to a solution(解决方案). “We dont give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineer

16、s,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other thanAre you working towards your goal? Basically, its Ive got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA. Engineers come and real

17、ly do an in-person review, andits not a very nice thing at time. Its a hard business review of your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dont teach.” And that ann

18、oying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.C. They appear diff

19、erent forms. D. They damage the instruments.33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students communication skills.C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education34. What do the NASA

20、engineers do for the students in the program?A. Check their product. B. Guide project designsC. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.35. What is the best title for the text?A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.D. HUNCH:A Coll

21、ege Admission Reform.【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。32.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms form our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend

22、hours cleaning them up each week.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“the microorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A项符合题意。33.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的 “HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. Gordons students have been studying ways to

23、 kill bacteria in zero gravity,.”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程师联系起来。Gordon的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌, .”。结合最后一段中的“Gordon students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,.”可知，学生每天都给NASA的工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可推断出HUNCH program的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。分析选项可知D项符合题意。34.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Ive g

24、ot to produce this product and then, at the end of the year ,present it to NASA, ”“Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and .Its not a very nice thing at times. Its a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。35.B 主旨大意题。文章以国际空间站里的微生物很难清除开头，引出宇航员们解决此问题的途

25、径借助美国国家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来。在这项计划里，学生们通过homework（制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品）探索无疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功课疆域”最适合做文章的标题。故选B。【母题来源三】 【2019全国卷III，C】Before the 1830smost newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but

26、 at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that

27、was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.The trend, then, was toward the penny paper-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.This de

28、velopment did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printers office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspape

29、rs would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase penny paper caught the publics fancy, and soon there would be papers that did ind

30、eed sell for only a penny.This new trend of newspapers for the man on the street did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful a

31、nd daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.28. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?A. Academic. B. Unattractive. C. Inexpensive. D. Confidential.29. What did street sales mean to newspapers?A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from citie

32、s.C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.30. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?A. Local politicians. B. Common people.C. Young publishers. D. Rich businessmen.31. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.【语篇解读】本文为说明文。文章叙述了“便士报纸”的诞生历史。28.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Before1830s，. Accordingly newspapers wer