大学四级英语语法.docx

大学四级英语语法.docx

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大学四级英语语法

大学四级英语语法

Ⅰ动词（时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等）

（1）时态

    1）现在完成进行时态（have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成）:

动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.

   I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.

   I’vebeensittinginthegarden.

2）过去完成进行时（由hadbeen+ing分词构成）:

过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

   I’dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.

   Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.

3）将来完成进行时:

将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.

   Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.

   Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.

4）将来完成时（由shall/willhave+过去分词构成）:

将来某时会业已发生的事.

   Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.

   They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.

（2）语态

   可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

   Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.

   Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.

   能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

   Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.

   Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.

   担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:

   Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?

Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.（你应该晓得速度限制）

   双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

   双宾语结构的被动语态:

双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.

   Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.

   Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.

宾补结构的被动语态:

   ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.

   Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.

   Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.

   Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.

（3）短语动词

   Vi+adv

    Theplanetookofftwohourslate.

   Vi+prep

   TheylookedroundtheCathedral.

   Vi+prep（有被动语态）

   She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.

   Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.

   Vi+adv+prep

   Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.

   Vt+O+adv

   Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.

   Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.

   Theytookhimon.

   Vt+adv+O（无被动语态）

   Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.

   Vt+O+prep

   WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.

（4）省略

   在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:

在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a）,或者主语是itb）,就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分（特别是动词be）省略掉.

Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.

   Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.

   Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.

   Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.

   Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.

   Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.

   Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.

   Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.

   Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.

   Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.

   Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.

   Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.

   Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.

   Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.

   Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.

   IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.

   Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere（ver）necessary.

   Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.

   Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.

   在以thana）或asb）引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.

   Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan（itis）necessary.

   Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.

   Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople（did）.

   Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.

   Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.

   Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.

   错误的省略

   HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.

   Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.

   一致

   如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.

   Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.

   Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.

   Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.

 代词作主语时的一致

   each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.

   Eachofushassomethingtosay.

   Iseverybodyready?

   Somebodyisusingthephone.

   Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.

   Haseitherofthemtoldyou?

   some,few,both,many等作复数

   some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.

   none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念,但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:

   Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus

   Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.

   None（=notasingleone）ofushasgotacamera.

   None（=nobody）hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.

   Noneofthisworriesme.

   all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词（allofthe…,mostofthe…）,动词用单数.

   由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由notonly…but（also）,either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.

   Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.

   Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.

   EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.

   NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.

   如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.

   Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.

   Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.

   people,police,cattle,poultry（家禽）,militia（民兵）等通常都用作复数.

   Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.

   Thepolicearelookingforhim.

   有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定.

   Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge.

   Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.

   Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.

   Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.

   Theaudiencewasenormous.

   Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.

   有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:

   Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.

   Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.

   Thisspeciesisnowextinct.

   Thesespeciesarenowextinct.

   表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式（当然用复数动词也是可以的）:

   Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.

   Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.

其他问题

   书名,国家名用单数:

   TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.

   学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数.

 manya或morethanone所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:

   Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.

   Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.

   anumberof后接复数,thenumberof后接单数:

   Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.

   Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.

   oneofthose后用单数.在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：

   Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.

   当one之前友theonly等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one而定，即采用单数形式：

   Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.

   Ⅱ非谓语动词

   不定式

   形式

主动形式  被动形式 

一般式todo             tobedone 

完成式tohavedone          tohavebeendone    完成式:

不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作（状态）之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.

   Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother（=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother）.

   （比较:

Iamgladtoseeyou.）

   Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.

   Hepretendednottohaveseenme.

   进行式:

如果主要谓语表示的动作（状态）发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.

   Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.

   Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.

   Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.

   完成进行式:

在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.

   Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.

   Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.

被动式:

当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.

   Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.

   Shehatedtobeflattered.

   Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.

   Thisisboundtobefoundout.

   Therearealotofthingstobedone.

   Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.

   功用:

不定式可以作主语（a）,宾语（b）,表语（c）,定语（d）或是状语（e）.

   a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.

   b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.

   c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.

   d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?

   e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.

   不带to的不定式:

   在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.

   Johnmadehertellhimeverything.

   这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.

   Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.

   在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might（just）aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.

   I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.

   Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.

   在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.

   Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.

   I’veheardtellof