考研英语阅读理解命题思路透析和真题揭秘33.docx
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考研英语阅读理解命题思路透析和真题揭秘33
考研英语阅读理解命题思路透析和真题揭秘(33)
1999年Passage5
Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?
Whydidn'ttheyfalloutofthesky?
Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselagerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.
Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?
Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon'thaveunpredictablethings,youdon'thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.
Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe"scientificmethod"asubstituteforimaginativethought.I'veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid"thedataarestillinconclusive.""Weknowthat,"themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,"butwhatdoyouthink?
Isitworthwhilegoingon?
Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?
"Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.
Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddballsamongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththeteam."
67.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat__[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch
[答案]A
[解题思路]
关于牛顿的例子所要证明的论点在文章的开头第一句话"Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments"(在实践中,科学的进步依赖于做实验,但更依赖于实验的观察者有所准备的头脑),这句话强调了科学最重要的是要看观察实验的人是否在思想上做好了准备,显然A是符合这个意思的正确答案,其中选项中的"inquiringminds"对应于原文的"thepreparednessoftheminds"。
[题目译文]
作者用艾萨克·牛顿的例子表明。
[A]爱动脑筋比科学实验更加重要[B]只有进行富有成由的研究科学才能进步[C]科学家很少忘记研究的重要本质[D]在科学研究中,不可预测性不如预测重要
68.Theauthorassertsthatscientists__[A]shouldn'treplace"scientificmethod"withimaginativethought[B]shouldn'tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings[C]shouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals[D]shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindings
[答案]B
[解题思路]
本题对应的内容在文章的第二段和第三段。
文章第二段第四、五句话指出"Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch"(他的头脑在随时准备思考不可预测的事。
不可预测性是科学研究不可或缺的一个重要特征),而第三段最后一句话则进一步批评说"Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate"(这位科学家感到很震惊,他没有想到人们会让他做出预测),因此作者认为研究要想出成果,科学家必须大胆推测,并要接受那些无法预测的东西。
B选项符合上述的观点。
[题目译文]
作者认为科学家。
[A]不应该用创造性思维来代替"科学方法"[B]不应该忽视对于不可预测事物的推测[C]应该为技术杂志撰写更加简洁的报告[D]应该对他们的研究成果充满信心
69.Itseemsthatsomeyoungscientists__[A]haveakeeninterestinprediction[B]oftenspeculateonthefuture[C]thinkhighlyofcreativethinking[D]stickto"scientificmethod"[答案]D
[解题思路]
文章第三段开头指出"Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe"scientificmethod"asubstituteforimaginativethought"(在和一些科学家,特别是青年科学家交谈时,你可能会产生这样一种印象:
他们认为用所谓的"科学方法"可以代替创造性思维),后面的例子也进一步说明了他们不会推测,只是坚持用传统的方法,因此D选项符合题意。
而其余三个选项的表述都与原文相反。
[题目译文]
看起来一些青年科学家们。
[A]对预测有着浓厚的兴趣[B]经常对未来做出推测[C]对创造性思维非常重视[D]只执著于"科学方法"
2000年Passage1
Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttieslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.
Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:
ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarketAmerica'smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.
Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.
Howthingshavechanged!
In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride."Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,"accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard'sKennedySchoolofGovernment,"ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas"agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates."51.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarⅡbecause_____.[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy
[答案]C
[解题思路]
本题对应信息为第一段的最后一句话"AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed"(美国的繁荣是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达到的),可见美国取得主导地位在很大程度上是由于二战摧毁了其潜在竞争对手的经济,因此C选项为正确答案。
A选项中的painstakingefforts与第一段中的"effortless"意思相左,是错误选项。
B选项与原文不符,因为文章的意思是美国的国内市场比起竞争对手大8倍,不是比以前大8倍。
D选项提到的劳动力因素不是主要原因。
[题目译文]
二战后美国之所以取得了优势地位是因为。
[A]该国为实现这一目标而付出了艰苦的努力[B]其国内市场是过去的八倍[C]战争摧毁了大部分潜在竞争对手的经济[D]该国无可比拟的劳动力大军对经济起到了推动作用
52.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican_____.[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket[B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises[C]machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket
[答案]D
[解题思路]
本题的对应信息在文章的第二段。
第五句及其括号中的内容说"By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:
ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJuly.)"(面对国外竞争,一些像消费电子产业之类的大型美国工业已经萎缩或渐渐消失。
到1987年,美国只剩下Zenith一家电视生产商。
(现在一家也没有了:
Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。
)),这说明电视机产业即使在国内市场也几乎已经消失了,因此A选项正确。
B选项对应于该段最后一句"Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty"(在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的,但是有一段时期这个产业也似乎面临崩溃),文中认为半导体工业被外国企业接管是一种可能性,并没有选项表述地这么绝对,因此B选项也错误。
C选项对应于该段倒数第二句话"Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarketAmerica'smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes"(外国制造的汽车和纺织品正大举涌入国内市场。
美国的机床工业也即将消失),选项认为该行业已经崩溃,不符合题意。
D选项对应于该段第三句话"Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness"(到了20世纪80年代中期,面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力,美国人感到不知所措),因此选项的表述是符合原文的。
[题目译文]
美国在20世纪80年的世界经济中失去了统治地位,这可以通过以下事实表现出来。
[A]其电视行业退回到了国内市场[B]半导体工业被外国企业接管[C]机床业在其自杀性行为后倒闭[D]汽车业失去了部分国内市场
2000年Passage2
Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,but