考研英语阅读理解命题思路透析和真题揭秘33.docx

1、考研英语阅读理解命题思路透析和真题揭秘33考研英语阅读理解命题思路透析和真题揭秘(33)1999年Passage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been fal

2、ling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didnt they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not u

3、p into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lager fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering.

4、 His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you dont have unpredictable things, you dont have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examp

5、les of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the scientific method a substitute for imaginative thought. Ive attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a cert

6、ain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said the data are still inconclusive. We know that, the men from the budget office have said, but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect? The scientist has been shocked at having even been a

7、sked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments a

8、re planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know ex

9、actly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers wo

10、uld appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team. 67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that _A inquiring minds are more important than scientific

11、experimentsB science advances when fruitful researches are conductedC scientists seldom forget the essential nature of researchD unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research答案 A解题思路关于牛顿的例子所要证明的论点在文章的开头第一句话Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares th

12、an on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments（ 在实践中，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者有所准备的头脑），这句话强调了科学最重要的是要看观察实验的人是否在思想上做好了准备，显然A是符合这个意思的正确答案，其中选项中的inquiring minds对应于原文的the preparedness of the minds。题目译文作者用艾萨克牛顿的例子表明 。A 爱动脑筋比科学实验更加重要B 只有进行富有成由的研究科学才能进步C 科学家很少忘记研究的重要本质D 在科学研究中，不可预测性

13、不如预测重要68. The author asserts that scientists _A shouldnt replace scientific method with imaginative thoughtB shouldnt neglect to speculate on unpredictable thingsC should write more concise reports for technical journalsD should be confident about their research findings答案 B解题思路本题对应的内容在文章的第二段和第三段。文章

14、第二段第四、五句话指出His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research（他的头脑在随时准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究不可或缺的一个重要特征），而第三段最后一句话则进一步批评说The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate（这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有想到人们会让他做出预测），因此作者认为研究要想出成果，科学家必须大胆推测，并要接受那些无法

15、预测的东西。B选项符合上述的观点。题目译文作者认为科学家 。A 不应该用创造性思维来代替科学方法B 不应该忽视对于不可预测事物的推测C 应该为技术杂志撰写更加简洁的报告D 应该对他们的研究成果充满信心69. It seems that some young scientists_A have a keen interest in predictionB often speculate on the futureC think highly of creative thinkingD stick to scientific method答案 D解题思路文章第三段开头指出In talking to

16、 some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the scientific method a substitute for imaginative thought（在和一些科学家，特别是青年科学家交谈时，你可能会产生这样一种印象：他们认为用所谓的科学方法可以代替创造性思维），后面的例子也进一步说明了他们不会推测，只是坚持用传统的方法，因此D选项符合题意。而其余三个选项的表述都与原文相反。题目译文看起来一些青年科学家们 。A 对预测有着浓厚的兴趣B 经常对未来

17、做出推测C 对创造性思维非常重视D 只执著于科学方法2000年Passage 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight ties larger tha

18、n any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy sh

19、ould have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vani

20、shed in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market Americas machine-tool industry was on the rop

21、es. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of do

22、ing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.H

23、ow things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. American industr

24、y has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted, according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government, It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the

25、Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as a golden age of business management in the United States.51. The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War because_.A it had made painstaking e

26、fforts towards this goalB its domestic market was eight times larger than beforeC the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitorsD the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy答案 C解题思路本题对应信息为第一段的最后一句话America and Americans were prosperous beyond the drea

27、ms of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed（美国的繁荣是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达到的），可见美国取得主导地位在很大程度上是由于二战摧毁了其潜在竞争对手的经济，因此C选项为正确答案。A选项中的painstaking efforts与第一段中的effortless意思相左，是错误选项。B选项与原文不符，因为文章的意思是美国的国内市场比起竞争对手大8倍，不是比以前大8倍。D选项提到的劳动力因素不是主要原因。题目译文二战后美国之所以取得了优势地位是因为 。A 该国为实现这一目标而付出了艰苦的

28、努力B 其国内市场是过去的八倍C 战争摧毁了大部分潜在竞争对手的经济D 该国无可比拟的劳动力大军对经济起到了推动作用52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_.A TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic marketB semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprisesC machine-to

29、ol industry had collapsed after suicidal actionsD auto industry had lost part of its domestic market答案 D解题思路本题的对应信息在文章的第二段。第五句及其括号中的内容说By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.)（面对国外竞争，一些像消费电子产业之类的大

30、型美国工业已经萎缩或渐渐消失。到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith一家电视生产商。（现在一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。），这说明电视机产业即使在国内市场也几乎已经消失了，因此A选项正确。B选项对应于该段最后一句For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty（在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正

31、是美国人发明的，但是有一段时期这个产业也似乎面临崩溃），文中认为半导体工业被外国企业接管是一种可能性，并没有选项表述地这么绝对，因此B选项也错误。C选项对应于该段倒数第二句话Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market Americas machine-tool industry was on the ropes（外国制造的汽车和纺织品正大举涌入国内市场。美国的机床工业也即将消失），选项认为该行业已经崩溃，不符合题意。D选项对应于该段第三句话By the mid-1980s Americans had

32、 found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness（到了20世纪80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措），因此选项的表述是符合原文的。题目译文美国在20世纪80年的世界经济中失去了统治地位，这可以通过以下 事实表现出来。A 其电视行业退回到了国内市场B 半导体工业被外国企业接管C 机床业在其自杀性行为后倒闭D 汽车业失去了部分国内市场2000年Passage 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but