Extensive Reading with Adult Learners of English as a Second Language.docx
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ExtensiveReadingwithAdultLearnersofEnglishasaSecondLanguage
ExtensiveReadingwithAdultLearnersofEnglishasaSecondLanguage
WillyARenandya
BRSundaraRajanandGeorgeMJacobs
SEAMEORELC,Singapore
Renandya,W.A.,Rajan,B.R.S.,&Jacobs,G.M.(1999).ExtensivereadingwithadultlearnersofEnglishasasecondlanguage.RELCJournal,30,39-61.
Thebestwaytoimproveone’sknowledgeofaforeignlanguageistogoand
liveamongitsspeakers.Thenextbestwayistoreadextensivelyinit.
Nuttall(1982:
168,citedinYu,1993)
Thispaperreportsonastudyoftheimpactofextensivereading(ER)onthelanguageproficiencyofagroupofVietnamesegovernmentofficialsstudyingEnglish.Twoquestionswereofinterest.First,wewantedtoexamineifERcouldbesuccessfullyimplementedwithadultsecondlanguagelearnersbeyondtraditionalstudentage.Secondly,wewereinterestedintherelationshipbetweenlearninggainandasetofERvariables,suchasamountofERmaterialsread,theextenttowhichthismaterialwasperceivedtobeausefulandenjoyableactivity.TheresultsindicatedthatolderadultsecondlanguagelearnerscouldindeedbenefitfromacarefullyplannedandsystematicallyimplementedERprogram.Further,aregressionanalysisshowedthatamountofERwastheonlysignificantpredictorofparticipants'gainscores.
INTRODUCTION
The1990ssawrenewedinterestinERandtheroleitplaysinsecondlanguagelearning.TheMay1997issueofTheLanguageTeacher(ajournalpublishedbytheJapanAssociationforLanguageTeaching),forexample,wasdevotedtopapersonER.TheauthorsofthesepapersarguethatERshouldbegivenalargershareinourlanguagecurriculumandpresentideasonhowtoachievethis.ThepresentarticlebeginsbypresentinganoverviewofwhyandhowtoimplementER.ThisisfollowedbyareportonastudyoftheimpactofERonthelanguageproficiencyofagroupofVietnamesegovernmentofficialsstudyingEnglish.
TheprincipaltheoreticalmotivationbehindtheuseofERinsecondlanguagelearningcomesfromtheideathatlearnersneedlargeamountsofcomprehensibleinputintheirnewlanguageinordertomakeprogresstowardoverallcommandofthatlanguage(Krashen,1982).Inthisway,ERbenefitsnotonlyreadingproficiencybutoveralllanguageproficiencyaswell.NumerousresearchstudiesinbothL1(e.g.,Herman,Anderson,Pearson,&Nagy,1987;Nagy,Herman,&Anderson,1985;foranextensivereview,seeKrashen,1993)andL2(Elley,1991;Elley&Mangubhai,1983;HafizandTudor,1990;Krashen,1997;Mason&Krashen,1997;Nation,1997;Lituañas,JacobsandRenandya,toappear;Sims,1995)haveconsistentlyshownthebenefitsofERforlearners’languagedevelopment.
TheexperimentreportedbyLituañas,Jacobs,andRenandya,forinstance,demonstratedhowremedialstudentsatasecondaryschoolinthePhilippinesconsiderablyimprovedtheirreadingskillsduringasix-monthERprogram.Inthisexperiment,twogroupsofstudentsreceivedthesameamountofdailyinstruction(40minutes)duringtheirremedialreadingclass.However,unlikethecontrolgroupwhoweretaughttheconventionalway,theexperimentalgroupweregivenclasstimetoreadbooks,magazines,andnewspapers,andwereencouragedtocontinuethisERoutsideclasshours.Aftersixmonths,theERtreatmentwasassociatedwithlearninggainsthatweregreatertoastatisticallysignificantdegreethanthoseregisteredbyremedialstudentstaughtviathetraditionalmodeofreadinginstruction.
Inadditiontobeingassociatedwithlearninggainsinexperimentalstudies,ERhasalsobeenareliablepredictorofsecondlanguageproficiencyinexpostfactoresearch.InastudyofESLstudentsintheUS,Constantino,S.Y.Lee,Cho,andKrashen(1997)reportthat,alongwithamountofpreviousEnglishstudyintheirhomecountriesandlengthofresidenceintheUS,theamountofreadingwasasignificantpredictorofstudents’TOEFLscores.Incontrast,othervariables(i.e.,amountofTVviewinginEnglish,frequencyandamountofL1reading,andamountofEnglishstudyintheUS)includedinthestudywerenotsignificantlycorrelatedwithTOEFLscores.
InanotherstudyinvolvingESLstudentsintheUnitedStates,Y.O.Lee,Krashen,andGibbons(1996,citedinKrashen,1997)reportthatamountofL2readingwasalsoareliablepredictorofstudents’abilitytotranslateandtoperformagrammaticalityjudgementtask.Itisinterestingtonotethatinthisstudy,unliketheTOEFLstudyabove,amountofformalstudyinEnglishandlengthofresidenceintheUSwerenotsignificantpredictors.ProvidingevidencefortheviewthatERbenefitsallaspectsoflanguageproficiency,Jonopoulos(1986)foundasignificantcorrelationbetweentheamountL2readingandL2writingproficiency,asmeasuredbyholisticevaluationofstudentwriting.
Whiledefinitionsvary,expertsagreethatERinvolvestheindependentreadingofalargequantityofmaterialforinformationorpleasure.TheprimefocusofERisonthemeaningofwhatisbeingreadratherthanonthelanguage.Ontheotherhand,inintensivereadingstudentsworkwithshorttextsundertheguidanceoftheteacher.Theaimofintensivereadingistohelpstudentsconstructdetailedmeaningfromthetext,todevelopreadingskills,suchasidentifyingmainideasandrecognisingtextsignals,andtoenhancevocabularyandgrammarknowledge.Thesetwoapproachestoteachingreading-intensiveandextensivereading-arenotseenasbeinginopposition,asbothservedifferentbutcomplementarypurposes(Carrell&Carson,1997;Nuttall,1982).
WhatarethecharacteristicsofsuccessfulERprogrammes?
Thefollowingcharacteristicsaregenerallythoughttobeamongthemostimportant(Campbell,1989;Davis,1995;DayandBamford,1997;Fielding&Roller,1992;Gambrell,1979;Hill,1997;Hsui,1994;Jacobs,DavisandRenandya,1997;Kim&Krashen,1997;Nash&Yun-Pi;Park&Turn,1987;Raja,1995;Waring,1997;Yu,1993):
1. Studentsreadlargeamountsofprintedmaterial;
2. Studentschoosewhattheywanttoread;
3. Studentsreadavarietyofmaterialsintermsoftopicandgenre;
4. Thematerialstudentsreadiswithintheirlevelofcomprehension;
5. Studentstakepartinpost-readingactivities;
6. Teachersreadwiththeirstudents,thusservingasrolemodelsofgoodreaders;
7. Teachersandstudentskeeptrackofstudentprogress;
8. Teachersprovidehelpandguidancewhereneeded.
FindingthematerialstosupportPoints1,3,and4abovecanbedifficult,especiallywherefundingisinsufficient.Lituañas(1997)describeshowshecollectedmaterialsfromawidervarietyofsources,includingfellowteachers,paststudents,andcommunitygroups.TohandRaja(1997)explainwaysthatteachersthemselvescanwriteERmaterialssuitedtotheirstudents’culturalcontextsandproficiencylevels.WaysthatstudentscanbeinvolvedincreatingreadingmaterialsforthemselvesandpeersareexploredinDavidson,Ogle,Ross,Tuhaka,andNg(1997)andDupuyandMcQuillan(1997),whileDerewianka(1997)givesideasforfindingERmaterialsontheinternet.
ItisworthnotingthatnotallwritersonERagreewithPoint5above,i.e.,includingpost-readingtasksintheERprogram.Themainobjectionisthatpost-readingtasksmayspoilstudents’readingenjoyment,andthatinER,readingshouldbeseenasitsownreward.However,wefeelthatpost-readingtasks,ifcarefullydesigned,canserveusefulpurposes(seeYu,1993;MasonandKrashen,1997forasimilarview).Post-readingactivitiescanbeusedto(i)reinforcewhatstudentshavelearnedfromtheirreading;(ii)givestudentsasenseofprogress;and(iii)helpstudentsshareinformationaboutmaterialstoreadoravoid.Theoutputhypothesis(Swain,1985,1993,inpress)providesadditionalsupportfortheuseofpost-readingtasks.Thishypothesisstatesthatwhilecomprehensibleinputsuppliesanessentialbasisforsecondlanguageacquisition,itmustbesupplementedbytheproductionofcomprehensibleoutputiflearnersaretoreachahighlevelofproficiencyinthetargetlanguage.Swainarguesthatproductiontasksforcelearnerstonoticefeaturesofthetargetlanguageandtoformandtesthypothesesaboutthelanguage.Anumberofpost-readingactivitiesusedinthepresentstudyaredescribedinthenextsection.
SomeeducatorsusestudentgroupstosupportER.Groupactivitiessupportreadinginterestandproficiencyandcantakeplacebefore,during,andafterER.Forinstance,Cockburn,Isbister,andSim-Goh(1997),Rhodes(1993),Rodgers(1997),andSamway,Whang,andPippitt(1995)depictprogrammesinwhichmoreproficient,oftenolderreaders,supportlessproficient,oftenyoungerstudents,invariousliteracyactivities.Daniels(1994),HillandVanHorn(1997),andMcQuillanandTse(1997)describegroupactivitiesthatprovidereaderswithopportunitiestodiscusswhattheyhavebeenreading.
Thepresentstudywasdesignedtoaddressthefollowingquestions.First,sincepreviousstudieshavedealtwiththeeffectofERonchildrenoryoungadults,wewantedtoexamineifERcouldbesuccessfullyimplementedwitholderadultsecondlanguagelearners.Secondly,wewereinterestedintherelationshipbetweenlearninggainandasetofERvariables.ThesevariablesincludetheamountofERmaterialread,theextenttowhichthismaterialisperceivedasinteresting,easy/difficult,andcomprehensible,andwhetherornotERisperceivedtobeausefulandenjoyableactivity.Inthenextsection,wedescribethecontextinwhichourstudywasimplemented.
THESTUDY
Participants
Participantsinthestudywere49VietnamesegovernmentofficialswhowereinSingaporeforatwo