英语六级阅读练习.docx
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英语六级阅读练习
ThewordreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligio,whichdenotesbothearnestobservanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusage,religioncoversawidespectrumofmeaningthatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbeinterpreted.Atoneextreme,manycommittedbelieversrecognizeonlytheirowntraditionasareligion,understandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertoreferexclusivelytothepracticesoftheirtradition.Althoughmanybelieversstopshortofclaiminganexclusivestatusfortheirtradition,theymayneverthelessusevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligionforexample,trueloveofGod,orthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextreme,religionmaybeequatedwithignorance,fanaticism,orwishfulthinking.
Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualreality,itispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmakingclaimsaboutwhatitreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasingle,fixedmeaning,orevenazonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhumanexperiencethatmayintersect,incorporate,ortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.SuchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksoflimitingtheinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategoriessuchasmonotheism(beliefinonegodonly)ortochurchstructure,whicharenotuniversal.Forexample,intribalsocieties,religionunliketheChristianchurchusuallyisnotaseparateinstitutionbutpervadesthewholeofpublicandprivatelife.
InBuddhism,godsarenotascentralastheideaofaBuddha.Inmanytraditionalcultures,theideaofasacredcosmicorderisthemostprominentreligiousbelief.Becauseofthisvariety,somescholarsprefertouseageneraltermsuchasthesacredtodesignatethecommonfoundationofreligiouslife.
Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbereducedtoanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoofgroupdynamics.Religionincludespatternsofbehaviorbutalsopatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesahighlyorganizedinstitutionthatsetsitselfapartfromaculture,anditissometimesanintegralpartofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressedinvisualsymbols,danceandperformance,elaboratephilosophicalsystems,legendaryandimaginativestories,formalceremonies,anddetailedrulesofethicalconductandlaw.Eachoftheseelementsassumesinnumerableculturalforms.Insomewaysthereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumanculturalenvironments.
1.Whatisthepassagemainlyconcernedabout?
A.Religionhasavarietyofinterpretation.
B.Religionisareflectionofignorance.
C.ReligionisnotonlyconfinedtotheChristiancategories.
D.Religionincludesallkindsofactivities.
2.Whatdoestheword“observance”probablyconveyinPara.1?
A.notice
B.watching
C.conformity
D.experience
3.Accordingtothepassagewhatpeoplegenerallyconsiderreligiontobe?
A.Fantasticobservance
B.Spiritualpractice
C.Individualobservanceoftradition
D.Acomplexofactivities
4.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?
A.Itisbelievedbysomethatreligionshouldbewhatitoughttobe.
B.“Thepathofenlightenment”isadefinitionthattheauthordoesn’tagreeto.
C.Accordingtotheauthor,thecommittedbelieversdefinereligionimproperly.
D.Theauthordoesn’tspeakinfavorofthedefinitionof“thesacred”.
5.Whichofthefollowingisreligionaccordingtothepassage?
A.Performanceofhumanbeings.
B.Buddha,monotheismandsometribaltradition.
C.Practiceseparatedfromculture.
D.Alltheabove.
Merchantandpassengershipsaregenerallyrequiredtohavealifepreserverforeverypersonaboardand,inmanycases,acertainpercentageofsmallersizesforchildren.AccordingtoUnitedStatesCoastGuardrequirements,lifepreserversmustbesimpleindesign,reversible,capableofbeingquicklyadjustedtofittheuninitiatedindividual,andmustbesodesignedastosupportthewearerinthewaterinanuprightorslightlybackwardposition.
Sufficientbuoyancy(浮力)tosupportthewearershouldberetainedbythelifepreserverafter48hourinthewater,anditshouldbereliableevenafterlongperiodofstorage.Thusitshouldbemadeofmaterialsresistanttosunlight,gasoline,andoils,anditshouldbenoteasilysetonfire.
Thepositioninwhichthelifepreserverwillsupportapersonwhojumpsorfallsintothewaterismostimportant,asisitstendencytoturnthewearerinthewaterfromaface-downpositiontoanuprightorslightlybackwardposition,withhisfaceclearofthewater,evenwhenthewearerisexhaustedorunconscious.
Themethodofadjustmenttothebodyshouldbesimple,andself-evidenttouninitiatedpersonseveninthedarkundertheconfusedconditionswhichfollowadisaster.Thus,thelifepreservershouldbereversible,sothatitisnearlyimpossibletosetitonwrong.Catches,straps,andtiesshouldbekepttoaminimum.Inaddition,thelifepreservermustbeadjustabletothewidevarietyofshapesandsizesofwearers,sincethisgreatlyaffectsthepositionoffloatingandtheself-rightingqualities.Asuitablelifepreservershouldalsobecomfortabletowearatalltimes,inandoutofthewater,notsoheavyastoencouragetotakeitoffonshipboardwhiletheshipisindanger,norsoburdensomethatithindersapersoninthewaterwhiletryingtoswim.
6.Thepassageismainlyabout________.
A)theusesoflifepreservers
B)thedesignoflifepreservers
C)thematerialsforlifepreservers
D)thebuoyancyoflifepreservers
7.Accordingtothepassage,alifepreservershouldbefirstofall,________.
A)adjustable
B)comfortable
C)self-evident
D)self-righting
8.UnitedStatesCoastGuarddoesNOTrequirethelifepreservertothemade________.
A)withasfewstringsaspossible
B)capableofbeingwornonbothsides
C)accordingtoeachwearer’ssize
D)comfortableandlighttowear
9.By“theuninitiatedindividual”(Para.1,line6)theauthorreferstotheperson________.
A)whohasnotbeeninstructedhowtousealifepreserver
B)whohasalittleexperienceinusingalifepreserver
C)whousesalifepreserverwithoutpermission
D)whobecomesnervousbeforeadisaster
10.Whatwouldhappenifapersonweresupportedbythelifepreserverinawrongposition?
A)Thewaveswouldmovehimbackwards.
B)Thewaterwouldchokehim.
C)Hewouldimmediatelysinktothebottom.
D)Hewouldbeexhaustedorunconscious.
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically“proved”byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.Today,hardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.ItisgenerallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthWesternindustrializedcountries,asystemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistence(生活维持费)incaseofunemployment,sicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethat,eveniftheseconditionsarenotpresent,everyonehastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist(维持生活),inotherwords,hecanclaimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany“reason”.Iwouldsuggest,however,thatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime,let’ssaytwoyears,soastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusedanykindofsocialobligation.
Thismaysoundlikeafantasticproposal,butso,Ithink,ourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupport,peoplewouldnotwork.Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature,actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.
However,thesuspicionsagainstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundless,fromthestandpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeofforcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywereforcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarve,workwouldhavetobesufficientlyinterestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.Freedomofcontractispossibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresentcapitalistsystemthisisnotthecase.
Butsuchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployees,itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininter-personalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.
11.Peopleusedtothinkthatpovertyandunemploymentweredueto________.
A)theslowdevelopmentoftheeconomy
B)thepoorandjoblesspeople’sownfaults
C)thelackofresponsibilityonthepartofsociety
D)thelargenumberofpeoplewhowerenotwell-educated
12.Nowitiswidelyacceptedthat________.
A)thepresentsystemofsocialinsuranceshouldbeimproved
B)everybodyshouldbegrantedaminimumofsubsistencewithoutany“reason”
C)everybodyhastherighttoshareinthewealthofthecountry
D)peoplehavetochangetheirattitudetowardsthepoor
13.Thewriterarguesthatasystemofsocialinsuranceshould________.
A)providebenefitsforthesick,oldandunemployed
B)encouragepeopletotakeonmoresocialobligations
C)guaranteeeveryonetherighttobeemployed
D)provideevery