课题最近几年清华大学机械设计考研试题.docx

课题最近几年清华大学机械设计考研试题.docx

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课题最近几年清华大学机械设计考研试题

清华美院工业设计考研2013年考研英语

（一）考试试题

2013年研究生入学考试英语一试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

　　Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4,hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday。

　　To8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11。

Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323mbain

terviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTest,orGMAT,astandardizedexamwhichis16outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher。

　　Dr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20。

　　1.[A]grants[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers

　　2.[A]minor[B]objective[C]crucial[D]external

　　3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]external

　　4.[A]Forexample[B]Onaverage[C]Inprinciple[D]Aboveall

　　5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless

　　6.[A]in[B]on[C]to[D]for

　　7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless

　　8.[A]promote[B]emphasize[C]share[D]success

　　9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success

　　10.[A]chosen[B]studied[C]found[D]identified

　　11.[A]exceptional[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]otherwise

　　12.[A]inspired[B]expressed[C]conducted[D]secured

　　13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged

　　14.[A]put[B]got[C]gave[D]took

　　15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather

　　16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marked[D]introduced

　　17.[A]before[B]after[C]above[D]below

　　18.[A]jump[B]float[C]drop[D]fluctuate

　　19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard

　　20.[A]promising[B]possible[C]necessary[D]helpful

　　SectionIIReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

　　Text1

　　Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther,Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment。

　　Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwoulddescribedinOverdressed,EliazabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.Inthelastdecadeorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentrelease,andmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace。

　　Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2,300-piusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals。

　　Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.“Mass-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durableandwasteful,”Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about64itemsperperson–andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thisexcessleadstowaste。

　　TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff。

　　Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment–includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto。

　　21.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher

　　[A]poorbargainingskill。

　　[B]insensitivitytofashion。

　　[C]obsessionwithhighfashion。

　　[D]lackofimagination。

　　22.AccordingtoCline,mass-maketlabelsurgeconsumersto

　　[A]combatunnecessarywaste。

　　[B]shutoutthefeverishfashionworld。

　　[C]resisttheinfluenceofadvertisements。

　　[D]shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequently。

　　23.Theword“indictment”（Line3,Para.2）isclosestinmeaningto

　　[A]accusation。

　　[B]enthusiasm。

　　[C]indifference。

　　[D]tolerance。

　　24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelaseparagraph?

　　[A]Vanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists。

　　[B]Thefast-fashionindustryignoressustainability。

　　[C]Peoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments。

　　[D]Pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing。

　　25.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?

　　[A]Satireonanextravagantlifestyle。

　　[B]Challengetoahigh-fashionmyth。

　　[C]Criticismofthefast-fashionindustry。

　　[D]Exposureofamass-marketsecret。

　　Text2

　　Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioural”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy。

　　Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:

Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?

Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?

　　InDecember2010America'sFederalTradeCornmission（FTC）proposedaddinga"donottrack"（DNT）optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladwertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft'sInternetExplorerandApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigltalAdwertisingAlliance（DAA）agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespongingtoDNTrequests。

　　OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:

ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault。

　　Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GetingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway。

　　AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Atterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,bloggde:

"webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."Coulditreallybethatsimple?

　　26.Itissuggestedinparagraph1that“behavioural”adshelpadvertisersto:

　　[A]easecompetitionamongthemselves

　　[B]lowertheiroperationalcosts

　　[C]avoidcomplaintsfromconsumers

　　[D]providebetteronlineservices

　　27.“Theindustry”（Line6,Para.3）refersto:

　　[A]onlineadvertisers

　　[B]e-commerceconductors

　　[C]digitalinformationanalysis

　　[D]internetbrowserdevelopers

　　28.BobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault

　　[A]manycutthenumberofjunkads

　　[B]failstoaffecttheadindustry

　　[C]willnotbenefitconsumers

　　[D]goesagainsthumannature

　　29.whichofthefollowingistureaccordingtoParagraph.6?

　　[A]DNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose

　　[B]AdvertisersarewillingtoimplementDNT

　　[C]DNTislosingitspopularityamongconsumers

　　[D]Advertisersareobligedtoofferbehaviouralads

　　30.Theauthor'sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisoneof:

　　[A]indulgence

　　[B]understanding

　　[C]appreciaction

　　[D]skepticism

　　Text3

　　No