课题最近几年清华大学机械设计考研试题.docx

1、课题最近几年清华大学机械设计考研试题清华美院工业设计考研2013年考研英语（一）考试试题2013年研究生入学考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when makin

2、g individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were

3、 working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of apperaring too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory,

4、 the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was 11 。He studied the results of 9,323 mba interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scal

5、e 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicants score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her。Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the p

6、revious candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points t

7、han would otherwise have been 20 。1. A grants Bsubmits Ctransmits Ddelivers 2. A minor Bobjective Ccrucial D external3. A issue Bvision Cpicture Dexternal 4. A For example B On average CIn principle DAbove all 5. A fond B fearful Ccapable D thoughtless6. A in B on C to D for7. A if B until C though

8、D unless8. A promote B emphasize C share Dsuccess9. A decision B quality C status D success10. A chosen B studied C found D identified11. A exceptional B defensible C replaceable D otherwise12. A inspired B expressed C conducted D secured13. A assigned B rated C matched D arranged14. A put B got C g

9、ave D took15. A instead B then C ever D rather16. A selected B passed C marked D introduced17. A before B after C above D below18. A jump B float C drop D fluctuate19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A promising B possible C necessary D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirecti

10、ons:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that hi

11、gh fashion doesnt affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment。This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be mo

12、re out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Clines three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand

13、more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they dont advertise that and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By of

14、fering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace。The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores a

15、round the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals。Overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like f

16、ast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year about 64 items per person and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste。Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Br

17、ooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example cant be knocked off。Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on la

18、bor and the environment including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping

19、more sustainably when they cant afford not to。21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skill。B insensitivity to fashion。C obsession with high fashion。D lack of imagination。22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste。B shut out the fever

20、ish fashion world。C resist the influence of advertisements。D shop for their garments more frequently。23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA accusation。B enthusiasm。C indifference。D tolerance。24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?A Vanity has

21、 more often been found in idealists。B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability。C People are more interested in unaffordable garments。D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing。25. What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle。B Challenge to a high-fashion my

22、th。C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry。D Exposure of a mass-market secret。Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people sea

23、rch for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? O

24、r should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a do not track (DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT

25、 ;Googles Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests。On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DN

26、T as a default。It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default, some ma

27、y ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway。Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the nor

28、m. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Googles on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsofts chief privacy officer, bloggde:we believe consumers should have more control. Could it really be that sim

29、ple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:A ease competition among themselvesB lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersD provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:A online advertisersB e-commerce conductor

30、sC digital information analysisD internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultA many cut the number of junk adsB fails to affect the ad industryC will not benefit consumersD goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?A DNT ma

31、y not serve its intended purposeB Advertisers are willing to implement DNTC DNT is losing its popularity among consumersD Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:A indulgenceB understandingC appreciactionD skepticismText 3No