语言学第四章课后练习.docx
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语言学第四章课后练习
8.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andinsomecasesaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeachphrases.
a.richinminerals
AP
Richinminerals
b.oftenreaddetectivestories
VP
QualVNP
AN
Oftenreaddetectivestories
c.theargumentagainsttheproposals
NP
NPPP
DetNPNP
DetN
theargumentagainsttheproposals
d.alreadyabovethewindow
PP
QualPNP
DetN
alreadyabovethewindow
9.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentence,firstidentifythemodifier（s）,thendrawthetreestructures.
a.Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.
InflP（S）
NPInflVP
VNPPP
DetAPNNonepst
DetNPNP
A
APN
A
Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution
b.Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.
InflP（s）
NPInflVP
DetAPNVPP
PNP
A
DetAPN
A
Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky
C.Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.
InflP（S）
NPinflVP
DetNpstVNPAdvAdv
DetN
Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday
d.Awoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm.
InflP（S）
NPInflVP
DetAPNPPVPP
PNPPNP
DetNDetN
Awoodenhutneatthelakecollapsedinthestorm
10.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.
a.Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.
InflP（=S）
NPＶＰ
AuxVNP
N
DetANP
NCONN
Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants
or
InflP（=S）
NPＶＰ
AuxVNP
N
DetANP
NCONN
Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants
b.Helenputonherclothesandwentout.
InflP（=S）
NPVP
VPCONVP
VPNPVAdv
VPDetN
Helenputonherclothesandwentout
OR
InflP（=S）
NPInflVP
pst
VPCONVP
VPNPVAdv
VPDetN
Helenputonherclothesandwentout
c.Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.
InflP（=S）
NPVP
VPCONVP
N
VPNPVPNP
VAPNVAPN
Maryisfondofliteraturebut（is）tiredofstatistics
OR
InflP（=S）
Infl
NPVP
nonpst
VPCONVP
N
VPNPVPNP
VAPNVAPN
Maryisfondofliteraturebut（is）tiredofstatistics
11.Thefollowingsentencesallcontaincontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.
a.YouknowthatIhatewar.
S
NPVP
NVCP
CS
NPVP
N
VNP
N
YouknowthatIhatewat
OR
S
NPInflVP
NNonpstVCP
CS
NPVP
N
VNP
N
YouknowthatIhatewat
b.GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.
S
NPVP
NVPNP
NPCP
VCS
DetNNPVP
NVNP
DetAN
GerrybelievethefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam
c.ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.
S
NPVP
NVACP
CS
NPVP
DetNVNPNP
NDetN
ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce
d.Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.
S
NPVP
DetNVPCP
VPCS
NPVP
NVNP
N
Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings
12.
a.Theessaythathewrotewasexcellent.
Deepstructure
CP
CS
NPVP
DetNCPVAP
CSDegP
NPInflVP
VNP
NN
Theessayhewrotethatwastoolong
Surfacestructure
CP
CS
NPVP
DetNCPVAP
CSDegP
NPNPInflVP
VNP
NNN
Theessaythathewroteewastoolong
b.Hebertboughtahousethatsheloved.
Deepstructure
CP
CS
NPVP
NInflVNP
DetNCP
CS
NPInflVP
NVNP
N
Hebertboughtahouseshelovedthat
Surfacestructure
CP
CS
NPVP
NInflVNP
DetNCP
CS
NPNPInflVP
NNVNP
N
Hebertboughtahousethatshelovede
c.Thegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics.
Deepstructure
CP
CS
NPVP
DetNCPVPP
CInflSPNP
NPVP
NP
NVN
Thegirlheadoreswhommajorsinlinguistics
Surfacestructure
CP
CS
NPVP
DetNCPVPP
CInflSPNP
NPNPVP
NP
NNVN
Thegirlwhomheadoresemajorsinlinguistics
13.
a.Wouldyoucometomorrow?
Deepstructure
CP
CS
NPVP
NInflVAdvP
Adv
Youwouldcometomorrow
Surfacestructure
CP
CS
InflNPVP
NInflVAdvP
Adv
wouldyouecometomorrow
b.WhatdidHelenbringtotheparty?
Deepstructure
CP
CS
NPVP
InflVNPPP
N
NPNP
DetN
Helendidbringwhattotheparty
Surfacestructure
CP
NPCS
NInfl
NPVP
InflVNPPP
N
NPNP
DetN
WhatdidHelenebringetotheparty
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