简析《呼啸山庄》中男女主人公爱情悲剧的原因.docx
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简析《呼啸山庄》中男女主人公爱情悲剧的原因
摘要
《呼啸山庄》是由艾米丽·布朗特所创的世界上最伟大的小说之一。
艾米丽在小说中成功的塑造了爱与恨为主题的爱情悲剧故事。
自该小说诞生以来,国内外学者对于《呼啸山庄》主题的研究从未停止。
本文选取希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳爱情故事原因的角度进行探究,致力通过对男女主人公所处的阶级,受到的教育,各自成长环境的变化,及各自性格原因,来分析男女主人公的爱情悲剧。
通过本次研究,能够使读者对希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳的爱情悲剧有更清晰的理解和认识。
关键词:
爱;恨;凯瑟琳;西斯克里夫;呼啸山庄
Contents
Abstracti
摘要ii
1.Introduction.1
1.1IntroductionofEmilyBronteandherWutheringHeights1
1.2Introductionofthetragiclovestory1
1.3Thestructureofthispaper2
2.LiteratureReview4
2.1Reviewontheoverseastudies4
2.2Reviewonthedomesticstudies4
3.TheExternalReasonsfortheTragedy6
3.1Theclassbarrier6
3.2Theeducationalreasons7
3.2.1ThefamilyeducationforHeathcliffandCatherine7
3.2.2EducationconductedbyEuropeanupperclass7
4.TheInternalReasonsfortheTragedy9
4.1Catherine’sownreasons9
4.1.1Catherine’sgrowingenvironment9
4.1.2Catherine’sdualpersonality9
4.1.3Catherine’sbetrayal10
4.2Heathcliff’sownreasons10
4.2.1Heathcliff’sgrowingenvironment11
4.2.2Heathcliff’sextremepersonality11
4.2.3Heathcliff’srevenge12
5.Conclusion14
References15
Acknowledgements16
1.Introduction
1.1IntroductionofEmilyBronteandherWutheringHeights
EmilyJaneBronte(July30,1818–December19,1848)wasagreatBritishnovelistandpetinthe19thcenturyandoneoftheextraordinarywomenwritersintheliteraryhistoryofEngland,andsheisalsobestrememberedforheronlynovelWutheringHeights,whichisnowanacknledgedclassicofEnglishliterature.
EmilywasbornatThorntoninYorkshire.ShewastheyoungersisterofCharlotteBronte,andthefifthofsixchildren.ItwasthediscoveryofEmily'spoetictalentbyherfamilythatledherandhersisters,CharlotteandAnne,topublishjointlyabookofpoemsentitledPoemsbyCurrer,EllisandActionBellin1846.Toevadecontemporaryprejudiceagainstfemalewriters,allthreeusedmalepseudonyms,Emily'sbeing"EllisBell".Shewrotemanypoemsofherownandsomeoftheseduringhershortlife,intheformofpowerfullyrics.Theselyricshavebeenesteemedhighlyaspassionateutterancesoftheauthor’sinnermostfeelingsandthoughts.
Shesubsequentlypublishedheronlynovel,WutheringHeights,in1847,apowerful,poeticwork,butwhoseinnovativestructuresomewhatpuzzledcritics.Althoughitreceivedmixedreviewswhenitfirstcameout,thebooksubsequentlybecameanEnglishliteraryclassic.
WutheringheightsdepictsthefoundlingboyHeathcliffaftertheadoptionbytheEarnshaw.HelivedwithMr.Earnshaw’ssonHindleyanddaughterCatherine.HindleytreatHeathcliffbadly.HeinsultedandmaltreatedHeathcliffinveerypossiblewayaftherMr.Earnshaw’sdeath.Atthesametime,peculiaremotionoccurredbetweenCatherineandHeathcliff.Becauseofhervanityandignorance,CatherinedecidedtomarryLinton.Heathcliffleftwithanger.Threeyearslater,Heathcliffreturnedtorevenge.HesucceededinannexingallthepropertyofHindley’sandtheLinton’s.However,Catherine’sghostpesteredhimallthetimeandhediedinthedreamwithCatherine.
1.2Introductionofthetragiclovestory
WutheringHeightsshowsusthelifescenesinadeformitysocietythroughatragiclovestory,outlinesallkindsoftheterribleeventscausedbythehumannatureinthedistortedsociety.ThetitleofthenovelcomesfromtheYorkshiremanoronthemoorsofthestory(asanadjective,WutheringisaYorkshirewordreferringtoturbulentweather).Thenarrativetalecentersontheall-encompassing,passionate,butultimatelydoomedlovebetweenCatherineEarnshawandHeathcliff,andhowthisunresolvedpassioneventuallydestroysthemandthepeoplearoundthem.Theplotofstoryisactuallyspreadgraduallythroughfourstages.
ThefirststagedescribesthechildhoodlifeofHeathcliffandCatherineEarnshawwhothetwochildrenspendhoursonthemoorstogetherandhateeverymoment;thespecialfeelingbetweenahomelessgypsyboyandanhonored,upper-classladyintheuniqueenvironment,andtheirrebelagainstthetyrannyofCatherine’sbrotherHindley.
ThesecondstagefocusesondescribingCatherineasacommonladywhopursuesthetraditional“humanlove”anddeniesHeathcliff’slove;atlastshemarriedtoLayton,ayoungandrich,educatedgentleman,andbecomesthemistressofThrushcrossGrange.SheadmittedNellythatshelovesLayton,becauseheisyoung,handsome,andrichandlovesher,andthemostimportantoneisthathecanmakeherbecomethemostrespectedwoman.WhileCatherinepattedonherforeheadandchestsaid:
“Inmysoulmyheart,IknowIwaswrong.”ShealsolovesHeathcliff,buthereloveforHeathcliffisderivedform“heandIarethesamepieceofmaterial”.Love,fromthepursuitofhappinesstothepursuitofoneself,hasbecomejust“super-humanlove”.
Inthethirdstage,thenovel,byusingalotofwords,describeshowHeathcliffwhoisfilledwithhatredanddespairmakesallkindsofactionsonhisrevenge.Thispartisthemainthemeofthewholestory.WiththedeathofCatherine,Edgar,Isabella,Heathcliff’ssonandhimself,Heathcliffachieveshisrevengeonthosewhotreatedhimbadly.
Atlast,thenovelonlynarratesthedeathofHeathcliff,butrevealsabrandnewchangeofhismindswhenhefoundthatHaretonandCathyfellinlovewitheachother.Hismindschangesfromlove,hatred,andrevengetotherecoveryofhumannature,whichrevealsalightofhopeinthistragiclovewhichisfullofhorrorcolor.
Inthenovel,HeathcliffandCatherinelatergrowclose,andtheirlovebecomesthecentralthemeofthefirstvolume;hisrevengeanditsconsequencesarethemainthemeofthesecondvolume.Therefore,hismindschangefromlove,hatred,revengetotherevivalofhumannature,isnotonlytheessenceofthenovel,butalsothethemethroughoutthewholenovel.Theauthorlayoutsandarrangesthechangedsceneunpredictablyaccordingtothistheme,sometimesfullofdarkclouds,waillikeghostsandhowllikewolvesinthewilderness,andsometimeslikethestormsblowhard,orinadarkcourtyard.Thetragiclovestoryisalwayssurroundedinamysteriousandterribleatmosphere.
1.3Thestructureofthispaper
WutheringHeightsisthemostunusualnovelinthehistoryofEnglishLiterature.BydescribingCatherineandHeathcliff'slove;itshowsthevariationofdeformitysociety,andthedistortedhumanistic.ThisarticleanalyzesthebookfromthereasonsofthetradgicloveCatherineandHeathcliff.Thefirstchapterisintroduction;itgivesabriefintroductiononEmilyBronteandtheWutheringHeights.Thesecondchapterisliteraturereview,inthispartitintroducesthestudiesofthisnovelontheoverseaanddomestic.Thethirdchapteristheexternalreasonsforthetragedy.Thefourthistheinternalreasonsforthetragedy.Thelast,chapterfive,istheconclusionofthispaper.
2.LiteratureReview
TodayconsideredasaclassicofEnglishliterature,WutheringHeightswasmetwithmixedreviewswhenitfirstappeared,mainlybecauseofmentalandphysicalcrueltyofthenarrative'sstarkdepiction.AlthoughCharlotteBronte'sJaneEyrewasgenerallyconsideredthebestoftheBrontësisters'worksduringmostofthenineteenthcentury,manysubsequentcriticsofWutheringHeightsarguedthatitwasasuperiorachievement.
Thenovelhasbeenstudied,analyzed,anddiscussedfromeveryimaginablecriticalperspectiveandfromeveryaspect,yetitremainsunexhausted.Mostofthemarefocusedonthecharacteroftheheroorthecomplicatedlovebetweenthecharacters.Catherine,theheroineoftheWutheringHeights,isatypicaltragicroleinWesternliterature.Caterine’semotionalhasdifferentchangeswithdifferentenvironment.(Chenle,2007).Heathcliff,inWutheringHeights,istherealdramaticcenterofthestory.Heathcliffisacoalescenceofseveralcharactersandelements,oneistheconceptofamanwhosemindofhatredispitilessandruthless,andanotherisofamanwhosedesireforrevengedegeneratesintoavarice(DavyCecil,1934).TherearemanyfactorstodealwithHeathcliff’sdistortion;manyofthepreviousstudiesattempttoexplorethereasonsforHeathcliff’stragedies.Inaboard,theyarerespectivelyDavy.L.Robert’sanalysisbasedonprototypetheory,DavyCecil’sanalysisbasedonbackgroundstheoryandJames.C.Janet’sanalysisbasedonlovetheory.
2.1Reviewontheoverseastudies
AccordingtoDavyLRobert(1985),ThePrototypeofHeathcliffsuggeststhesensationalrevengeandtragiccharacters.HeaddressedinhisThePrototypeofHeathcliffthatEmilyBrontecreatedthename“Heathcliff”totellthereaderstheman’stemperamentinametaphoricalway.DavyLRobertarguesthatthefigureofHeathcliffcreatedbyBrontestandsforevilandrevenge,andhealsothinksthatHeathcliff’sprototypewouldbethedevilfromhell.AccordingtoJamesCJanet’s(2009)OnBronte’sWutheringHeights,therelationshipdeterminesHeathcliffandCatherine’slove.Theirloveisthusformedintherebellionagainstthosesocialforces,familiesandclasses,whichrestricttheideals.Catherine’schoiceoflove,herchoicefondnessofwealth,positionandsocialdistinctioninotherwords,aretheprimaryreasonsforformingHeathcliff’stragiccharacters(JamesC.Janet,2009).AccordingtoDavyCecilthebackgroundsdealalotwithHeathcliff’sdistortion.DavyCecilbelievesthatthechangeofclassstateandlifeexperiencecontributealottoformHeathcliff’sdistortion.
2.2Reviewonthedomesticstudies
InChina,manyscholarscombinecharacteristicsandthefateoflifeexperienceofcharactertypesinWutheringHeightswithauthor’spersonalityandcharacteristic,suchasTangZheng(2009)believedthat,toacertainextent,He