新编语用学教程课后答案.docx

新编语用学教程课后答案.docx

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新编语用学教程课后答案

Introduction

[checkyourunderstanding]

1.fSyntaxandsemanticseachhavetheirownstrengths.

2.fPragmaticsisalsointerestedinhowlanguageuseaffectsthelanguagesystem.

3.t

4.f

5.t

In-ClassActivities

1.ASK

（1）

Yes,he’scoming.

（2）

Yes.[No,heisn’tcoming]

（3）HisknowledgeaboutwhetherPatlikescognitivelinguisticsornot.

2.

（1）a.JohnisobviouslynotHitler.ThereisonlyoneHitlerintheworld.

b.Golfasaninanimateobjectcan’tplayahumanbeing（John）.

c.Itisacaseoftautologythatconveysnonewinformation.

d.“Idea”doesn’thavecolorandcan’tsleepsinceitisinanimate.Thewholesentencedoesn’tmakesense.

（2）a.itcanbeusedforcommunicationinacontextwhereJohnsharessomepersonalitywithHitler.

b.whenJohnisapoorplayerofgolf.

c.inacontextwhereacertainboyhasdonesomethingwrong（outofnaughtiness）.

（3）whenthesentenceisusedinpoetrytopersonalizetheword"idea".3.

（1）a.Inanentranceofapark.

b.Intherestroomofsomepublicplaceslikeanairport.

a.Peopleareforbiddentobringdogsintothepark.

b.Thisplaceisforadultstochangeinfantdiapers.

4.

（1）Herethespeakerwantstoexpresshiscomplaintthatthecouplearetalkingtooloudly（andtheimplicitrequestforthemtostoptalking）.

（2）Bysayingso,theyoungmanwantstoconveytheirrefusalto“my”request.

Thebackgroundknowledgeweneedisthatsinceitisusuallyimpolitetolistentootherpeople’privateconversation,itisnormalthathearaword“（thusI”canthe’tcouplecancontinuetheirtalk）.

5.

（1）Thisnoticeimpliesthatallthosewhojumptheredlightareuncivilized,whateverthereason.

（2）讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。

6.

（1）Thisisanadvertisementforaholidayinnanditsfoodissodeliciousthatitcan

makethecustomer’swifejealous.The“Frenchtoast”probablymeansatypeofspecialtyprovidedbythisholidayinn.

（2）C:

你去哪里？

吃饭了没？

E:

Howareyou?

How’severythinggoing?

7.

（1）Hemeanshedoesn’tspeakFrench.

（2）Russianmajorsdonspeak’tFrench.

（3）Yes.Ithelpstoindicateanegativeanswer.

8.

（1）a.Heuses“that”undertheassumptionthathismomknowswhichletterisbeingreferredto.

b.Heusesanimperativesentencetoaskhermothertoclosethewindow,whichisimpolite.

（2）Johnny:

Mom,PingPingiscomingtovisitusthisafternnoon.

Mother:

WhoisPingPing?

（3）Wang:

It’snotmyfault,isit?

Li:

Yes.

-----------------

Nativespeaker:

Hi,youlookgood.

Zhang:

Notgood,notgoodatall.

ExercisesTask3.

1.whenwegetsomeonetodosomething,wetendtominimizetheefforttobeinvolved,butwhenwecomplainwetendtoexaggeratethecomplaint.Peoplewanttobepolitebymitigating（缓解,减轻,平静）theimposition,whichisface-threatening.

2.Thefirstimperativeisageneralgrammaticalform,butthesecond,thoughstillanimperative,canbeusedtosoundmorepolitebecauseoftheadditionof"willyou"

3.（intheoffice）

Boss:

Cometomyofficelater.

Clerk:

Yes,sir.

--------

（duringtheafternoontea）

Boss:

Howisyourdad,Tom?

Clerk:

He’sfine.Thanks,Pat.

4.Hewantstosuggestthathedidnotbreakthewindowbecausehewasengagedwith（?

）insomethingelseinotherplaces.

5.InthenovelTheCatcherintheRye,Holden,amiddleschoolstudentalwaysbreaksthepragmaticconventionsandinthatwayshowshisrebellion.

6.WhileweteachEnglishtoChinesestudents,wenotonlyimpartlinguistic

information（phonetics,phonology,morphology,andsyntaxofEnglish）butalsopragmaticinformation（appropriateuseofEnglishindynamiccontext）.Forinstance,howwecanusethequestiontag（反了？

tagquestions）tosoundmoretentativeandbepolite.

Unit1

[Checkyourunderstanding]

1.fThatistheviewheldbyJohnAustinintheearlystage.

2.fImplicitperformativeutterancesdonothaveaperformativeverb.

3.f

4.fThecompletionoftheperlocutionaryactrequirestheaddressee’scooperation.

5.t

In-ClassActivities

1.

（1）Ifyou’veeversaid“Ipromise”or“Iapologizeerformed”those,youhavep

actionsbythesimpleactofsayingthem.But“Iknow”and“Ibelieve”are

declarative.Sayingthemdoesnotbringaboutanyimmediatechangeinthebelieforknowledgeofthespeaker.

（2）a.Iwishyouagreatsuccess.IadmitI’mwrong.

b.Imisunderstandyourpoint.Iseewhatyoumean.

（3）Yes.Forexample,whenwesay我在这里“向你道歉”，weareperformingtheactofapologizing.（?

）

2.

（1）“Afullapology”heremeansawhollyperformativeutteranceofapologylike

“WeapologizetotheChinesegovernmentandtheChinesepeople”.Indeed,“sorr

notaperformativeverb.

（2）Tosomeextent,“sorry”canimplicitlyperformtheactofapology.

3.

（1）Thekidnapperintendstoperformtheactsofthreateningandrequiring.

（2）Hewantstomakehiswordssoundlikeanadviceinsteadofathreatening.

4.

（1）a.locutionaryact:

theactofverballysaying“Todayisnotafreeadmissionday

illocutionaryact:

itimplicitlyrequirespeopletopaytheadmissionfee.

perlocutionaryact:

peoplepaytheadmissionfee（ifatall）.

b.locutionaryact:

theactofverballysaying“Thankyouforyourgenerousdonation

andyoursupport”.

illocutionaryact:

itimplicitlyurgespeopletodonate.

perlocutionaryact:

peopledonatemoney（ifatall）.

a'"Admissionfeerequiredtoday"

b’"Weexpectyourgenerousdonationandyoursupport"

Thefirstischosentobelessimposing.Thesecondischosentoattractpeople’s

donation.

5.

（1）No,itisnotaverdictive.Itisjustanadvertisementfroms（a）hotelwhosenamehappenstobe“Jurys”.

（2）Theproprietorplaysagameofwordstoattractcustomers.Exercises

Task31.

a.constative?

locution:

“Nosmokinginthisarea

”.Illocution:

Forbiddingpeople

fromsmokinghere.Perlocution:

Peopledonotsmokehere.

b.constative.Locution:

“Ticketpassengersonly

”.Illocution:

Askingpassengersto

buyticketsiftheywantto（enterthemuseum）.Perlocution:

Passengersbuyticketsto

enterthemuseum.

c.constative.Locution:

“Tokenvendingmachine

”.Illocution:

publicInformingofthe

thefactthattheycanbuytokensthroughthismachine.Perlocution:

Peoplebuytokens

throughthismachine（ifatall）.

2.

Yes.Itsolvestheproblemthatconstativescanindeedberegardedasimplicitwaysof

doingthings.Thus,allutterancesare

“performative

”inessence.

Yes,Iagree.SupposeAsaidtoB

“it’sstuffyhere

”.TheactualeffectmaybethatA

understoodtobecomplaining,buttheintendedeffectisthatsomeoneshouldopenthe

windoworthedooranditmaybringBtoperformtheactinsteadoflettinghimjust

listentoA

’scomplaint.

3.

（1）a,

（2）a,and（3）aareperformativeutterancesandcanstandthetest

“here

However,in

（1）b,

（1）cand

（2）b,

（2）c,

“know”,

“think”,“amuse”and

“flatte

performativeverbs.In（3）b,thethirdpersonsubjectisused.In（3）c,simplepasttense

isused.

4.Bothverdictivesandexertivesinvolveademonstrationofpowers,rights,or

influence.However,verdictiveshavetheillocutionaryforceofissuingaformalorofficialjudgmentandgivingaverdict,whileexertivesinvolvemakingdecisionsinfavoroforagainstacertaincourseofaction,oradvocacyofit.

5.Theseutterancesarenottrueorfalse,thatis,nottruth-evaluable.Theutteringofthemonformaloccasionsisorispartofthedoingofacertainkindofaction,the

performanceofwhich,again,wouldnotnormallybedescribedasjust“saying”o

“describing"something（cf.Austin1962,5）.e.g.

“Thismeetingisnowadjourned.”

“Thecourtisnowinsession.”

“Thischurchisherebyde-sanctified.”批准,认可,使合法化

[Checkyourunderstanding]

1.fItiscriticizedaslackingcriteriaforclassification.

2.fThehearerisheldresponsible.

3.f

4.t

5.f

In-ClassActivities

1.

（1）No,theyareessentiallydirectives.

（2）“你能帮我还书吗，谢谢哦。

”

“We’llbeverygratefulforyourpresence.”

（3）Becausetheyexpectotherpeoplecompliance’sinsteadofrefusals.Onefeelsindebted感激的,受惠的,蒙恩的ifonedoesnotcomplywiththerequest.

2.

（1）Commissives

（2）Yes.Thesecondpromiseisachievedwithaconditionwhichmayturnthepromise（acommissive）intoarequirement（adirective）.

3.

（1）No.Utteranceaisathreat.Utterancebinvolvessomethingthatthespeakercannotxcontrol.Utterancecdescribessomethinginthepastratherthansomethingthatthespeakerwilldointhefuture.Utterancedinvolvesanactthatthehearerratherthanthespeakerwilldointhefuture.Utteranceehasathirdpersonasthesubject.Utterancefisastatementaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast.

（2）a.propositionalcontentcondition（whatissaidisaboutsomethingthatthespeaker

hasdonewrongly）;b.sinceritycondition（thespeakerisseriousorsincereinmakingtheapology;c.preparatoryconditions（e.g.thepersonwhoisapologizingshouldhavemademistakes）d.essentialcondition（bothsidesunderstandthatwhatthespeakersaysisanapology）.

Li:

好嘛，算我错了行了吧。

[wherethespeakerisnotsincere]4.

（1）Thecustomerwhenhesaysthereisaflyinmysoup（whichismeanttobeacomplaint）.

（2）

Becausesayingthatcannormallyattractthewaiter

’sattenandtheionwaiter

knowswhattodoinacontextlikethis.

Yes.Sometimes,wespeakindirectlytosaveourorothers

’face.

（3）

Yes,Iagreewithher.Hearingthecustomer

’swords,thewaitermaynottakeit

seriously（ifheisnotjoking）.

5.

（1）

Theroleoftheunderlinedpartisexplainingthereasonoft