新编语用学教程课后答案.docx

1、新编语用学教程课后答案Introductioncheck your understanding1.f Syntax and semantics each have their own strengths.2.f Pragmatics is also interested in how language use affects the language system.3.t4.f5.tIn-Class Activities1. ASK(1)Yes, he s coming.(2)Yes. No, he isn t coming(3)His knowledge about whether Pat

2、likes cognitive linguistics or not.2.(1) a. John is obviously not Hitler. There is only one Hitler in the world.b. Golf as an inanimate object can t play a human being (John).c. It is a case oftautology that conveys no new information.d.“ Idea ” doesn t have color and can t sleep since it is inanima

3、te. The whole sentence doesn t make sense.(2)a. it can be used for communication in a context where John shares some personality with Hitler.b. when John is a poor player of golf.c. in a context where a certain boy has done something wrong (out of naughtiness).(3)when the sentence is used in poetry

4、to personalize the word idea. 3.(1) a. In an entrance of a park.b. In the restroom of some public places like an airport.a. People are forbidden to bring dogs into the park.b. This place is for adults to change infantdiapers.4.(1) Here the speaker wants to express his complaint that the couple are t

5、alking too loudly (and the implicit request for them to stop talking).(2) By saying so, the young man wants to convey their refusal to “ my” request.The background knowledge we need is that since it is usually impolite to listen to other people private conversation, it is normal that hear a word“(th

6、usI” canthe t couple can continue their talk).5.(1) This notice implies that all those who jump the red light are uncivilized, whatever the reason.(2)讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。6. (1) This is an advertisement for a holiday inn and its food is so delicious that it canmake the customer s wife jealous. The “ French t

7、oast ” probably means a type of specialty provided by this holiday inn.(2)C: 你去哪里？吃饭了没？E: How are you?How s everything going?7. (1) He means he doesn t speak French.(2)Russian majors don speaktFrench.(3)Yes. It helps to indicate a negative answer.8.(1) a. He uses “ that ” under the assumption that h

8、is mom knows which letter is being referred to.b. He uses an imperative sentence to ask her mother to close the window, which is impolite.(2) Johnny: Mom, Ping Ping is coming to visit us this afternnoon.Mother: Who is Ping Ping?(3) Wang: It s not my fault, is it?Li: Yes.-Native speaker: Hi, you look

9、 good.Zhang: Not good, not good at all.Exercises Task3.1. when we get someone to do something, we tend tominimize the effort to be involved, but when we complain we tend to exaggerate the complaint. People want to be polite by mitigating( 缓解 ,减轻 ,平静 )the imposition, which is face-threatening.2.The f

10、irst imperative is a general grammatical form, but the second, though still an imperative, can be used to sound more polite because of the addition of will you3.(in the office)Boss: Come to my office later.Clerk: Yes, sir.-(during the afternoon tea)Boss: How is your dad, Tom?Clerk: He s fine. Thanks

11、, Pat.4.He wants to suggest that he did not break the window because he was engaged with (? ) in something else in other places.5.In the novel The Catcher in the Rye,Holden, a middle school student always breaks the pragmatic conventions and in that way shows his rebellion.6.While we teach English t

12、o Chinese students, we not only impart linguisticinformation (phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax of English) but also pragmatic information (appropriate use of English in dynamic context). For instance, how we can use the question tag(反了？ tag questions) to sound more tentative and be polit

13、e.Unit 1Check your understanding1.f That is the view held by John Austin in the early stage.2.f Implicit performative utterances do not have a performative verb.3.f4. f The completion of the perlocutionary act requires the addressee s cooperation.5. tIn-Class Activities1.(1) If you ve ever said “ I

14、promise ” or “ I apologizeerformed”those,you have pactions by the simple act of saying them. But “ I know ” and “ I believe ” aredeclarative. Saying them does not bring about any immediate change in the belief or knowledge of the speaker.(2)a. I wish you a great success. I admit I m wrong.b. I misun

15、derstand your point. I see what you mean.(3)Yes. For example, when we say 我在这里“向你道歉 ”，we are performing the act of apologizing.(?)2.(1) “ A full apology ” here means a wholly performative utterance of apology like“ We apologize to the Chinese government and the Chinese people ” . Indeed, “ sorrnot a

16、 performative verb.(2)To some extent,“ sorry ” can implicitly perform the act of apology.3.(1)The kidnapper intends to perform the acts of threatening and requiring.(2)He wants to make his words sound like an advice instead of a threatening.4.(1) a. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying “ Toda

17、y is not a free admission dayillocutionary act: it implicitly requires people to pay the admission fee.perlocutionary act: people pay the admission fee (if at all).b. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying “ Thank you for your generous donationand your support ”.illocutionary act: it implicitly

18、 urges people to donate.perlocutionary act: people donate money (if at all).a Admission fee required todayb We expect your generous donation and your supportThe first is chosen to beless imposing. The second is chosen toattractpeople sdonation.5.(1) No, it is not a verdictive. It is just an advertis

19、ement from s(a) hotel whose name happens to be “ Jurys ”.(2)The proprietor plays a game of words to attract customers. ExercisesTask 3 1.a. constative? locution:“ No smoking in this area” . Illocution: Forbidding peoplefrom smoking here. Perlocution: People do not smoke here.b. constative. Locution:

20、“ Ticket passengers only” . Illocution: Asking passengers tobuy tickets if they want to (enter the museum). Perlocution: Passengers buy tickets toenter the museum.c. constative. Locution:“ Token vending machine” . Illocution: publicInformingof thethe fact that they can buy tokens through this machin

21、e. Perlocution: People buy tokensthrough this machine (if at all).2.Yes. It solves the problem that constatives can indeed be regarded as implicit ways ofdoing things. Thus, all utterances are“ performative” in essence.Yes, I agree. Suppose A said to B“ it s stuffy here” . The actual effect may be t

22、hat Aunderstood to becomplaining, but the intended effect is that someone shouldopen thewindow or the door and it may bring B to perform the act instead of letting him justlisten to A s complaint.3. (1)a, (2)a, and(3)a are performative utterances and can stand the test“ hereHowever, in (1)b, (1)c an

23、d (2)b, (2)c,“ know” ,“ think ” , “ amuse” and“ flatteperformative verbs. In (3)b, the third person subject is used. In (3)c, simple past tenseis used.4.Both verdictives and exertives involve a demonstration of powers, rights, orinfluence. However, verdictives have theillocutionary force of issuing

24、a formal or official judgment and giving a verdict, while exertives involve making decisions in favor of or against a certain course of action, or advocacy of it.5.These utterances are nottrue or false, that is, not truth-evaluable. The uttering of them on formal occasions is or is part of thedoing

25、of a certain kind of action, theperformance of which, again, would not normally be described as just “ saying ” o“ describing something (cf. Austin 1962, 5). e.g.“ This meeting is now adjourned. ”“ The court is now in session. ”“ This church is hereby de-sanctified. ”批准 ,认可 ,使合法化Check your understan

26、ding1.f It is criticized as lacking criteria for classification.2.f The hearer is held responsible.3.f4.t5.fIn-Class Activities1.(1)No, they are essentially directives.(2)“你能帮我还书吗，谢谢哦。 ”“ We ll be very grateful for your presence. ”(3)Because they expect other people compliances instead of refusals.

27、One feels indebted 感激的 , 受惠的 , 蒙恩的 i f one does not comply with the request.2.(1)Commissives(2)Yes. The second promise is achievedwith a condition which may turn the promise (a commissive) into a requirement (a directive).3.(1)No. Utterance a is a threat. Utterance b involves something that the spea

28、kercannot xcontrol. Utterance c describes somethingin the past rather than something that the speaker will do in the future. Utterance d involves an act that thehearer rather than the speaker will do in the future. Utterance e has a third person as the subject. Utterance f is a statement about somet

29、hing that happened in the past.(2)a. propositional content condition (what is said is about something that the speakerhas done wrongly); b. sincerity condition (the speaker is serious or sincere in making the apology; c. preparatory conditions (e.g. the person who is apologizing should have made mis

30、takes) d. essential condition (both sides understand that what the speaker says is an apology).Li: 好嘛，算我错了行了吧。 where the speaker is not sincere 4.(1)The customer when he says there is a fly in my soup (which is meant to be a complaint).(2)Because saying that can normallyattract the waiter s attenandtheionwaiterknows what to do in a context like this.Yes. Sometimes, we speak indirectly to save ouror others face.(3)Yes, I agree with her. Hearing the customer s words, the waiter may not take itseriously (if he is not joking).5.(1)The role of the underlined part is explaining the reason of t