一战美国高中历史.docx

一战美国高中历史.docx

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一战美国高中历史

Chapter13

TheGreatWar

1914-1918

Section1

TheStageisSetforWar

I.）AnUneasyPeaceGripsEurope

-forcesthatcausedWWI:

a.）nationalism

b.）imperialism

c.）militarism

d.）alliancesystem

A.）TheSteadyRiseofNationalism

-deepdevotiontoone'snation

-rivalryamongEuropeannations（competitionandterritorialdisputes）

B.）Imperialism

-competeforcoloniesinAfricaandAsia

-senseofrivalryandmistrustgrew

C.）TheGrowthofMilitarism

-1890'sarmsraceinEurope

-needtohaveapowerfulmilitary

-largestandingarmies

a.）militarism

-apolicyofglorifyingmilitarypowerandkeepingastandingarmyalwayspreparedforwar

II.）TangledAlliances

-alliancesystemwasdesignedtokeeppeace

A.）BismarckForgesEarlyPacts

-OttovonBismarck=chancellorofGermany

-firstgoalwastoisolateFrance

-1879=DualAlliance--GermanyandAustria-Hungary

a.）TripleAlliance

-1882

-Germany,Austria-Hungary,Italy

-1887=GermanybecameallieswithRussia

-veryunstablealliances

B.）ShiftingAlliancesThreatenPeace

a.）KaiserWilhelmII

-rulerofGermany

-forcedBismarcktoresign

-1890--RussianolongeraGermanally

-1892--RussiaandFranceformanalliance

-1904--BritainallianceswithFrance

a.）TripleEntente

-1907

-Britain,France,andRussia

-TripleAlliance（Germany,Austria-Hungary,andItaly）vs.TripleEntente（Britain,France,andRussia）

III.）CrisisintheBalkans

A.）Europe'sPowderKeg

-Balkans="powderkeg"

-newnationsformedoutofOttomanEmpire

-nationalismwaspowerful

-1908---AustriaannexedBosniaandHerzegovina

-1914--Serbiagainedsometerritory

-Austria-HungarywasafraidSerbiaandtheSlavicpeoplewouldgettoopowerful

B.）AShotRingsThroughoutEurope

-June28,1914inSarajevo,Bosnia

-ArchdukeFranzFerdinandandSophieofAustria-Hungarywereassassinated

-GavriloPrincip--19yearsold/BlackHand/Serbian

-AustriawantedtopunishSerbia

-GermanygaveAustriasupport

-July23--AustriagaveSerbiaanultimatum

-Serbiacounter-offered

-July28--AustriadeclaredwaronSerbia

-RussiamobilizedtroopstowardsAustrianborder

Section2

WarConsumesEurope

I.）TheAllianceSystemCollapses

A.）AChainReaction

-RussiamobilizedonAustria'sandGermany'sborders

-August1--GermanydeclaredwaronRussia

-August3--GermanydeclaredwaronFrance

B.）TheSchlieffenPlan

-GeneralAlfredGrafvonSchlieffen（German）

-preparedfora2-frontwar

-attackingFrancefirstthenRussia

-alargepartoftheGermanyarmywouldracewesttodefeatFrance,andthenreturntofightRussiaintheeast

-speedwasvital

-GermanyinvadedBelgium（neutral）togettoFrance

-August4--BritaindeclaredwaronGermany

C.）EuropeanNationsTakeSides

a.）CentralPowers

-Germany

-Austria-Hungary

-Italy

-Bulgaria

-OttomanEmpire

b.）Allies

-France

-GreatBritain

-Russia

-Italy（switchedtoAlliesayearintotheWar）

II.）ABloodyStalemateAlongtheWesternFront

-stalemate=deadlock

a.）WesternFront

-fightingareaofnorthernFrance

A.）TheConflictGrindstoaHalt

-bySept.3,GermanywasclosetoParis

-Sept.5,AlliesattackedGermanyneartheMarneRiver

-4dayslong,Germanyretreated

-FirstBattleoftheMarne

-mostimportanteventofthewar

B.）WarintheTrenches

-milesofparalleltrenchestoprotectthemselves

a.）trenchwarfare

-aformofwarfareinwhichopposingarmiesfighteachotherfromtrenchesduginthebattlefield

-hugelossesforsmalllandgains

-puremisery

-"terrainofdeath"

-newtoolsofwar（machineguns,poisongas,armoredtanks,artillery）

III.）TheBattleontheEasternFront

a.）EasternFront

-battlefieldalongtheGermanandRussianborder

-moremobilewar

A.）CentralPowersGaintheAdvantage

-GermanygainedEastPrussiaandgunsandhorses

-AustriapushedRussiaoutofAustria-Hungary

B.）Russia'sWarEffortWeakens

-1916--nearcollapseforRussia

-shortonsupplies

-oneassetwasitsnumbersofpeople

-preventedGermanyfromfullyfocusingontheWesternFront

-fightingspreadfromEuropeuntoAfrica,SouthwestAsia,andSoutheastAsia

Section3

WarAffectstheWorld

I.）ATrulyGlobalConflict

-1915--U.S.A.=onlyneutralmajorcountry

A.）FightingRagesBeyondEurope

-Gallipolicampaign

-Feb.1915

-AllieswantedtheDardanellestrait

-gatewaytoOttomanempire

-bloodystalemate

-BritishhelpedArabnationalistsriseupagainstOttomanEmpire

-GermanylostlandinAsiaandAfrica

B.）TheUnitedStatesEnterstheWar

a.）unrestrictedsubmarinewarfare

-theuseofsubmarinestosinkwithoutwarninganyshipfoundinanenemy'swaters

-May7,1915--Lusitaniawassunk

-Britishshiphad128U.S.citizens

-manyAmericanswantedU.S.toenterwar

-GermanybegantosinkU.S.shipsalso

-Feb.1817--ZimmermanNote

-ArthurZimmermann（German）

-saidifMexicoenteredWWIonGermany'sside,theGermanswouldhelpMexicoregainlandtheylosttotheU.S.A.

-Americansnowcalledforwar

-economictieswerestrongertoAllies

-April2,1917,theU.S.declaredwarontheCentralPowers

II.）WarAffectstheHomeFront

-waraffectedsoldiersandcivilians

A.）GovernmentsWageTotalWar

a.）totalwar

-aconflictinwhichtheparticipatingcountriesdevotealltheirresourcestothewareffort

-governmenttookcontroloftheeconomy,factories,goods,censorednewsaboutthewar

b.）rationing

-thelimitingoftheamountsofgoodspeoplecanbuy--oftenimposedbygovernmentsduringwartime,whengoodsareinshortsupply

c.）propaganda

-informationormaterialspreadtoadvanceacauseortodamageanopponent'scause

B.）TheWar'sImpactonWomen

-womenreplacedmeninoffices,factories,andshops

-mostwomenlefttheworkforcewhenthewarwasover

-changedpeople'sviewsofwomen

III.）TheAlliesWintheWar

A.）RussiaWithdrawsfromtheWar

-1917--Russiawithdrew

-CommunistleadernamedLenin

-March1918--TreatyofBrest-Litovsk,officialpeacebetweenRussiaandGermany

-harshtreatyonRussia

-lostthefollowingterritories:

-Finland

-Poland

-Ukraine

-Estonia

-Latvia

-Lithuania

B.）AFailedFinalPush

-GermanynowsentallitsforcestotheWesternFront

-May1918--Germanywas40milesfromParis

-AlliesledbyU.S.troopsdefeatedGermany

-SecondBattleoftheMarne

-July1918

-AlliedforcesadvancedtowardsGermany

-Nov.9,1918--KaiserWilhelmIIsteppeddown--Germanybecamearepublic

a.）armistice

-anagreementtostopfighting

-Nov.11,1918--WWIended

Section4

AFlawedPeace

I.）TheAlliesMeetatVersailles

-January18,1919peaceconferencebegan

-32countriesrepresented（noRussia,Germany）

a.）BigFour

1.）WoodrowWilson--U.S.A.

2.）GeorgesClemenceau--France

3.）DavidLloydGeorge--GreatBritain

4.）VittorioOrlando--Italy

A.）Wilson'sPlanforPeace

a.）FourteenPoints

-Pres.Wilson'sproposals

-outlinedaplanforachievingajustandlastingpeace

-endsecrettreaties,freetrade,reducearmiesandnavies,organizationtokeeppeace,etc.

b.）self-determination

-thefreedomofapeopletodecideunderwhatformofgovernmenttheywishtolive

B.）TheAlliesDictateaHarshPeace

-BritainandFrancedisagreedwithWilson

-FrancewantedtopunishGermany

a.）TreatyofVersailles

-June28,1919

-officiallyendedwar

-setupLeagueofNations,Germanylostterritory,"warguilt"clause

b.）LeagueofNations

-internationalassociationwhosegoalwouldbetokeeppeaceamongnations

C.）TheCreationofNewNations

-Austria

-Hungary

-Czechoslovakia

-Yugoslavia

-Palestine,Iraq,andTransjordanunderBritishcontrol

-SyriaandLebanonunderFrenchcontrol

-Romania

-Poland

-Finland

-Estonia

-Latvia

-Lithuania

D.）"APeaceBuiltonQuicksand"

-U.S.rejectedtheTreatyofVersailles

-U.S.negotiatedaseparatetreatywithGermany

-bitternessandhatredfeltbyGermans

-othercountriesfeltcheatedandbetrayed

-lastingpeacewasnotbuilt

III.）TheLegacyoftheWar

-newkindofwar:

-globalscale

-newtechnology

-deathanddestruction

A.）TheWar'sExtremeCost

-8.5millionsoldiersdied

-21millionwounded

-$338billion

B.）ALostGeneration

-disillusionment,insecurity,despairwasfelt