15考研英语一真题.docx

15考研英语一真题.docx

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15考研英语一真题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET.（10points）

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademySciences,has2.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted31,932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.

While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthe8ourkin.”

Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmallweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow,10,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13“functionalKinship”ofbeingfriendswith14!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenestobeevolution15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople’s18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,caretakento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.

1、[A]what[B]why[C]how[D]when

2、[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

3、[A]for[B]with[C]by[D]on

4、[A]separated[B]sought[C]compared[D]connected

5、[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples

6、[A]Insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible

7、[A]visit[B]miss[C]know[D]seek

8、[A]surpass[B]influence[C]favor[D]resemble

9、[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus

10、[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

11、[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like

12、[A]limit[B]observe[C]confuse[D]drive

13、[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith

14、[A]chances[B]responses[C]benefits[D]missions

15、[A]faster[B]slower[C]later[D]earlier

16、[A]forecast[B]remember[C]express[D]disruptive

17、[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive

18、[A]tendency[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]endeavor

19、[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

20、[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

Text1

　　KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydareintheirsleep.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,diestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?

DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyle?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs’continuingpopularitypolarized.Andso,theMiddleEastexpected,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms（notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra）.ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

　　Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside,symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimedtobe,theirveryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses（orhelicopters）.Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

　　WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

　　ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy’sreputationwithherratherordinary（ifwell-heeled）grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.

　　21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraph,KingJuanCarlofSpain

　　[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport

　　[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

　　[C]casedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

　　[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

　　22.MonarchsarekeptasheadofstateinEuropemostly

　　[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

　　[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

　　[C]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto

　　[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

　　23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

　　[A]Aristocrats’excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.

　　[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.

　　[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.

　　[D]Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivileges.

　　24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharles

　　[A]takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues.

　　[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.

　　[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.

　　[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole.

　　25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

　　[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

　　[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

　　[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

Text2

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?

TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.

ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspect’spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone’ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee’sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing.”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia’sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution’sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:

Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

26.TheSupremeCourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto

[A]searchforsuspects’mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

[B]checksuspects’phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

27.Theauthor’sattitudetowardCalifornia’sargumentisoneof

[A]tolerance.

[B]indifference.

[C]disapproval.

[D]cautiousness.

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone’sphonecontentiscomparableto

[A]gettingintoone’sresidence.

[B]handingone’shistoricalrecords.

[C]scanningone’scorrespondences.

[D]goingthroughone’swallet.

29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

[C]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

[D]citizens’privacyisnoteffectiveprotected.

30.OrinKerr’scomparisonisq