跨文化交际上课内容unit5.docx

跨文化交际上课内容unit5.docx

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跨文化交际上课内容unit5

Homework:

1.WhatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureaccordingtotheSapir-WhorfHypothesis?

2.Translatethefollowingterms:

housewarming,disinterested,mindone’sp’sandq’s,aninedayswonder

红糖,红茶,眼红,青天

UnitFiveCultureandVerbalCommunication

I.WarmUp

Pleasereadthestoryonpage156.Whatcanwelearnfromthestory?

Supplement:

AdditionalmaterialsaboutVerbalCommunication言语交际

（i）Verbalcommunication

Verbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.

Ininterculturalcommunication,weusewordsto

Øcommunicatewiththeoutsideworld.

Øsharethepast.

Øexercisesomecontroloverthepresent.

Øformimagesofthefuture.

（ii）Cross-CulturalVerbalCommunicationStyles（p179-183）

1.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStyles

ØInthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker’sintentions.

Eg.U.S.Americanstendtouseastraightforward直白的formofrequest.

ØIntheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtohidethespeaker’sactualintentions.

Eg.Chinesetendtoaskforafavorinamoreroundabout迂回的andimplicit含蓄的way.

2.Self-EnhancementandSelf-Effacement谦逊VerbalStyles

ØTheself-enhancementverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofboastingabout自夸one’saccomplishmentsandabilities.

Eg.Intheclassifiedads分类广告,Americanadmightbeginwith,“Ahandsome,athleticmalewithagoodsenseofhumorseeksafun-lovingpartner…”

ØTheself-effacementverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints限制禁止,hesitationsandmodesttalk.

Eg.Intheclassifiedads,Japaneseadmightread,“AlthoughIamnotverygood-looking,I’mwillingtotrymybest.”

Comparethefollowingwaystoservetea:

Japanese:

Thisisnotverydelicious,but…

American:

ThisisthebestIcanoffer.

3.Elaborate精心制作,Exacting严格的andSuccinct简洁Styles

ØAnelaboratestyleemphasizesflashyandembellished美化language.ThisstyleofcommunicationcanbeseeninmanyArab阿拉伯,MiddleEastern,andAfro-American美国黑人cultures.

ØAnexactingstyle,wherepersonssaynomoreorlessthanisneeded,isusedbyAmericans.

ØAsuccinctstyleischaracterizedbytheuseofconcisestatements,understatements,andevensilence.AsuccinctstylecanbefoundinJapan,China,andsomeNativeAmericancultures

Comparethefollowings:

Arab:

@#%&$%）（_$$``^%#@...…

American:

Justthefacts!

Chinese:

SilenceisGolden.

4.PersonalandContextualStyle

ØThepersonalcommunicationstyleemphasizestheindividualidentityofthespeaker.

Eg.Englishhasonlyoneformforthesecondperson,thatis,you.

ØThecontextualstylehighlightsone’sroleidentityandstatus.

Eg.Chinese,GermanandFrench,forexample,haveinformalandformalformsofthepronounyou（你/您;du/Sie;tu/vous）.

5.InstrumentalandAffectiveStyle

ØAninstrumentalverbal工具性语言styleissender-basedandgoal-outcomebased.Theinstrumentalspeakerusescommunicationtoachievesomegoaloroutcome.Theburdenofunderstandingoftenrestswiththespeaker.

ØAnaffectivecommunication情感传达styleisreceiverandprocessoriented调整.Theaffectivespeakerisconcernednotsomuchwiththeoutcomeofthecommunication,butwiththeprocess.Theresponsibilityofunderstandingrestswith在于boththespeakerandthelistener.

II.Reading

1.Readthearticleof“UnderstandingtheCultureofConversation”.Whatarethedifferentculturesofconversationamongpeoplefromdifferentcountries?

1）Conversationisarichpoint（arichpointissomethinginoneculturethatmakesitdifficulttobeconnectedwithanotherculture）.Itisn’tanyparticularwordorgrammaticalconstructionthatproducestherichpoint;itissomethingaboutthewaythingsaregoing,somethingaboutpeople’sideasabouthowtodoaconversation.Tohandletherichpoints,oldunconsciouswaysofdoingthingsaredustedoff抹掉,newwaysarebuiltup.Toconverse交谈inthenewways,youhavetoexperiencecultureandmanufacturesomeframes.Ifyoudon’tfigureouttheframes,youmightspeakgrammaticallycorrectEnglish,butwhatyoucommunicatewilldifferfromwhatyouintended.

Nowlet’sgotoseethedifferentconversationculturesofdifferentcountries.

2）Mexican:

Theconversationmaystartwithonetopic,andifanotherinterestingtopicseepsin渗入yourideitaroundforawhile.Stickingtothefirsttopicislessimportantthanhavinganinterestingconversation.

3）American:

1Theconversationusuallyhasatopic,andthespeakerwantstotakeastraightlinethroughitfromthebeginningtoend.

2TheAmericansexpectananswertotheorienting定向question,thatistolancetheirconversationwithself-promotion自我推销--here’swhoIam,here’swhyI’mgoodatit,here’swhyyoushouldpayattentiontome.

4）Swedish:

TheSwedishconversationalidealistorespondinaconcise简明的mannerwithoutelaboratingspecificdetails,esp.thoseforself-promotion.

5）Thus,whatcausesmiscommunication错误传达isoftenthewayideasareputtogetherintoanargument,thewaysomeideasareselectedforspecialemphasis,orthewayemotionalinformationabouttheideasispresented.

6）DifferentconversationculturesbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans:

1Whospeaksfirst（whoopenstheconversation）;

2Whocontrolsthetalk;

3Whenit’stimeforanewpersontotakeaturn,suchasthelengthofapause;（whotalksnext）

4Howlongoneshouldtalk;

5Howaconversationshouldclose;（whoclosestheconversation）

2.Apartfromdifferencesingrammar,vocabulary,andpronunciation,whatotherdifferencescanyoufindbetweenChineseandEnglish?

Readthearticleof“TheWayPeopleSpeak”.

1）FromtheexampleoftheconversationbetweenanItalianandanAmerican,wecanseethedifferentconversationpatternsinthesetwocultures.TheAmericansdonotenjoyverbalconflictsoverpoliticsoranythingelsewhiletheItalianswelcomethem.

2）Highinvolvement高度介入conversationpatternsandhighconsideratenesspatterns（DeborahTannen）:

Highinvolvementpatterns:

talkmore;interruptmore;expecttobeinterrupted;talkmoreloudlyattimesandtalkmorequickly.Manyenjoyarguments.

Highconsiderateness体谅人的patterns:

speakoneatatime;usepolitelisteningsounds;refrainfrom克制抑制interruptingandgiveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulresponsestotheirconversationpartners.

3）Culturesinvolved:

Highinvolvementpatterns:

Russian,Italian,Greek,Spanish,SouthAmerican,Arab,andAfrican.

Highconsideratenesspatterns:

AsianCultureslikeChineseandJapanese,mainstreamAmericans.

4）Therearealsosignificantdifferencesbetweenthevariousculturesofthesameconversationpattern.EvenwithintheUnitedStatesthereareimportantregional地区andethnicdifferences种族差异inconversationstyles.

5）Culturalbeliefs文化信仰differastowhetherdirectnessorindirectnessisconsideredpositive.InthemainstreamAmericanculture,theidealformofcommunicationincludesbeingdirectratherthanindirect.LatinAmericansandmanyAsiansvalueindirectness.

6）Ping-PongconversationalstyleandBowlingstyle

InanAmerican“Ping-Pong”conversation,onepersonhastheballandthenhitsittotheothersideofthetable.Theotherplayerhitstheballbackandthegamecontinues.Eachpartoftheconversationfollowsthispattern:

thegreetingandtheopening,thediscussionofatopic,andtheclosingandfarewell告别.However,inaJapanese“Bowling”conversation,eachparticipantwaitspolitelyforaturnandknowsexactlywhenthetimeisrighttospeak.Thatis,theyknowtheirplaceinline.InJapaneseconversation,longsilencesaretolerated.ForAmericans,eventwoorthreesecondsofsilencecanbecomeuncomfortable.

3.Sofar,wecanseethattherearetheCulturalRelativity文化相对性ofCommunication--whentotalk,whattosayandhowtosaydifferfromculturetoculture.

（i）Whentotalk（theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans）

（ii）Howtotalk

Pacingandpausing（theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans）

Meaning:

Howfastdoyouspeak?

Howlongdoyouwaitfollowinganotherspeaker’sutterance表达说话,beforeconcludingtheotherhasnomoretosay?

Listenership（theexampleoftheconversationbetweenAnglosandAthabaskans）

Indirectness

Meaning:

Onlyapartofmeaningresidesin存在于thewordsspoken;thelargestpartiscommunicatedbyhints暗示,assumptions,andlistenersfilling-infromcontextandpriorexperience.

e.g.AGreekwife（ordaughter）:

CanIgotothemarketplace?

Husbandorfather:

（neversayno）Ifyouwant,youcango.–meaningNo.

Yes,ofcourse,go.–meaningYes.

（iii）Whattosay--topics（Seetheexercisesonp164）

Whichtopicsareregardedastheappropriateonesinconversations?

Weather,Pet,Work,Hobby,Sex,Family,Age,Income,Property,Maritalstatus,Politics,Religiousbelief,Disease,Death,Disability

topics

InEnglish-speakingcultures

InChineseculture

Acceptabletopicsofconversation

Weather

Pet

Work

Hobby

Sex

Family

Age

Income

Property财产

Maritalstatus婚姻

Unacceptabletopicsofconversation

Age,especiallyalady’sage

Maritalstatus

Property

Politics

Religiousbelief

Disease

Death

Sex

Pregnancy

Disability

Homework:

readthethreedialoguesonpage170-172,thentrytofindouttheproblemsandwaystoavoidsuchproblemsininterculturalcommunication.

III.Topicsforpresentation:

compliment（p162-163）,telephonecalls（p172-173）,howtosay“No”（p133-136）,introduction,

Disagreeingagreeably（Americanway&Chineseway:

）

--WhatdoesJapanese“Hai”mean?

HowdoesanAmericanunderstandit?

（p133）

Chineseandwesternshavedifferentapproachestorefusingrequests

Chinese

English