equivalence.ppt
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Equivalence,RogerT.Bell:
translationistheexpressioninanotherlanguage(ortargetlanguage)ofwhathasbeenexpressedinanother,sourcelanguage,preservingsemanticandstylisticequivalences.,EquivalenceTheoryTheconceptofequivalenceisquitecontroversial.Scholarshavedifferentexplorationsabouttranslationequivalence.Amongtheseexplorations,iwillexplaintheequivalencetheoriesofNidaandJinDi.,一、EquivalencetheoryofNidaNidaisknownfordynamicequivalence.Dynamicequivalencederivesfrom“theprincipleofequivalenceeffect”.,Inatranslationthattrytoproducedynamicequivalence,thetranslatorissupposedtochangehisfocusfrommatchingthereceptor-languagemessagewiththesourcelanguagemessagetoadynamicrelationship,Nida:
“therelationshipbetweenreceptormessageshouldbesubstantiallythesameasthatwhichexistedbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandthemessage”.,“onewayofdefiningaDE(Dynamicequivalence)translationistodescribeitastheclosestnaturalequivalencetothesource-languagemessage”,Thistypeofdefinitioncontainsthreeterms:
(1)Equivalent,whichpointstothesource-languagemessage
(2)Natural,whichpointstothereceptorlanguage(3)Closest,whichbindsthetwoorientationstogetheronthebasisofthehighestdegreeofapproximation,
(1)Thetermequivalencefocusonthesource-languagemessage.Thecontentofsourcelanguagemessageisimportant.Themessageofsourcelanguageisthestartingpointandthecheckingstandardoftranslation.,Forexample:
灭火器=fireextinguisherTheChinese灭火器andtheEnglishFireextinguisherrefertothesameobject,andbothofthemareinaccordancewiththeirlanguagerespectively.,
(2)Theterm“natural”isthekeypointofDE.Nidathinksthewordnaturalisapplicabletothreeareasofthecommunicativeprocess.Foranaturalrenderingmustfitthereceptorlanguageandcultureasawholeisanessentialingredientinanystylisticallyacceptablerendering.Languageandculturearecloselyrelatedtoeachother.,Alanguageisalwaysapartofcultureandthemeaningofanytextrefersdirectlyorindirectlytothecorrespondingculture.Finally,wordsonlyhavemeaningintermsofthecorrespondingculture.,Nida:
“BilingualcompetencehasalmostalwaysbeenregardedasanessentialrequirementfortranslatorsFortrulysuccessfultranslating,biculturalismisevenmoreimportantthanbilingualism,sincewordsonlyhavemeaningsintermofculturesinwhichtheyfunction”.,Sotheneedtoovercometheculturalbarriersintranslationisgreaterthanthattoovercomelanguagebarriers.ItisnecessaryforadynamicequivalencetranslationtomakesuretoadjustthemessagetotheTLcontext.,(3)Theterm“closest”isthecombinationoftheabovetwoelements.AsNidaclaims,itbindsthetwoorientationstogetheronthebasisofthehighestdegreeofapproximation.Theequivalencebetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageisnotalwayspossible.Thuswhatatranslatorcandoistobalancethetwotoapossiblehighestdegreeofapproximation.,Nidaoffersthreefundamentalcriteriawhicharebasictotheevaluationofalltranslating,andindifferentwayshelptodeterminetherelativemeritofparticulartranslations.Theseare
(1)generalefficiencyofthecommunicationprocess.
(2)comprehensionoftheintent(3)equivalenceofresponse.,二、EquivalenceTheoryofJinDiTherearethreeimportanttheoriesinJinDistheory:
1、Theconceptofthereceptor.Thetheorystressesthereceptorofthetranslatedtext,butitdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereceptorismoreimportantthantheauthor.InsteadoffocusingonthecomparisonoftheSLtextandtheTLtext,thetheoryofequivalenteffectstressesthecomparisonbetweenthetwocommunicatingprocess.,Thetranslatingprocessisaccomplishedonlywhenthetranslatedtextisacceptedbythereaders.Otherwise,thetranslationisinvain.Allcommunicationistwoway.,2、Theconceptoftheeffect.Itmeansthatthereceptorisacceptedbythetransferredinformationinthetranslatedtext,fromunderstandingtotheexperienceandthentofeelings,thesameoralmostthesameasthoseofthesourcetextreaders.Inthecommunicativetranslationofvocativetexts,equivalenteffectisnotonlydesirable,butalsoessential.,Itisthecriterionbywhichtheeffectiveness,andthereforethevalue,ofthetranslationofnotices,instructions,publicityistobeassessed.Effectisthebasicelementofavocativetext,3、Theconceptoftheequivalence.Equivalenceisamorescientifictermthanfaithfulness.Theformerismoreobjectiveandimpartial,referringtothequalityofthetranslatedtext,whilethelatterismoresubjective,referringtothetranslatorsattitude.,Theequivalenteffectscontainmanyaspects,includinglexical,semantic,pragmaticlevel,subtletiesandovertoneswhichareimpliedincultureandthought.Itisanoverallequivalentbetweentwolanguagesandcultures.,Pragmaticequivalence:
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