CPA英语辅导讲义审计.docx
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CPA英语辅导讲义审计
CPA英语辅导讲义_审计
一、相关背景
1、2008年注册会计师全国统一考试将在会计、审计和财务成本管理三门课程中增加10分的英语附加题。
这一变化主要是为了满足中国经济和行业发展对国际型人才的需要。
财政部CPA考试委员会将逐步推广英文附加题到其他考试科目中。
据此看来,在CPA各科考试中加试英语将是一个趋势。
2、增加英语附加题后,会计、审计、财务成本管理的总分为110分,及格分仍为60分,总体考试时间不变。
英语附加题要求用英语回答,所以考生朋友们一定要根据本人英语水平选择作答。
有一定英语基础(大学英语四、六级水平,掌握一定的财经英语词汇),打算选答英语附加题的考生朋友应该合理规划和安排时间,在考试时认真阅读试卷首页的特别提示和答题导语,争取尽可能多的在英语附加题上拿分。
英语基础较薄弱的考生朋友不要慌乱,心态要放平和,力争前面的100分,如果时间允许可尝试做英语附加题。
二、可能的题型
因为只有10分的英语题,所以估计出客观题的可能性不大,很有可能是主观题,并且是专业题。
题型可能包括:
名词解释,英汉互译,问答(理论性的或业务性的)。
从2007年会计、审计两门课的英语加试题判断,出业务核算和以计算为主的专业题的可能性较大。
三、审计英语讲解
Auditing
一、鉴证业务与外部审计Assuranceengagementsandexternalaudit
Anassuranceengagementisoneinwhichapractitionerexpressesaconclusiondesignedtoenhancethedegreeofconfidenceoftheintendedusersotherthantheresponsiblepartyabouttheoutcomeoftheevaluationormeasurementofasubjectmatteragainstcriteria.
Assuranceservice:
externalaudit
Practitioner=Auditor
Subjectmatter=Financialstatements
Responsibleparty=Management
Intendedusers=Shareholders
Criteria=Accountingstandards/law
Conclusion=Truthandfairness
Levelofassurance=High(renderedas“reasonableassurance”)
Twogeneraltypesofassuranceengagement:
Anassertionbasedengagementwheretheaccountdeclaresthatagivenassertioniseithercorrectornot.
Adirectreportingengagement,wheretheaccountantreportsonissuesthathavecometohisattentionduringhisevaluation.
Anauditisanexercisetogiveanindependentopiniononthetruthandfairnessoffinancialstatements.
1.重要性、真实和公允反应、合理保证
Materiality,trueandfairpresentation,reasonableassurance
Materialityisthemagnitudeofanomissionormisstatementofaccountinginformationthat,inthelightofsurroundingcircumstances,makesitprobablethatthejudgmentofareasonablepersonrelyingontheinformationwouldhavebeenchangedorinfluencedbytheomissionormisstatement.Anauditormustconsidermaterialitybothin
(1)planningtheauditanddesigningauditproceduresand
(2)evaluatingauditresults.
2.注册会计师的聘用,解聘和辞职
Appointment,removalandresignationofauditors
3.审计意见类型:
标准无保留意见、带强调事项段的无保留意见、保留意见、否定意见、无法表示意见
Typesofopinion:
standardunqualifiedopinion,Unqualifiedwithemphasisofmatterparagraph,qualifiedopinion,adverseopinion,disclaimerofopinion.
4.职业道德:
独立、客观和公正,专业胜任能力,应有的关注,保密性,职业行为
Professionalethics:
independence,objectivityandintegrity,professionalcompetence,duecare,confidentiality,professionalbehavior
5.审计业务约定书Engagementletter
二、审计计划和风险评估Planningandriskassessment
1.一般原则Generalprinciples
·Planandperformauditswithanattitudeofprofessionalskepticism
·Auditrisks=inherentrisk×controlrisk×detectionrisk
(1)Inherentriskreferstothelikelihoodofmaterialmisstatementofanassertion,assumingnorelatedinternalcontrol.Thisriskdiffersbyaccountandassertion.
(2)Controlriskisthelikelihoodthatamaterialmisstatementwillnotbepreventedordetectedonatimelybasisbyinternalcontrol.Thisriskisassessedusingtheresultsoftestsofcontrol.
(3)Detectionriskisthelikelihoodthatanauditor’sproceduresleadtoanimproperconclusionthatnomaterialmisstatementexistsinanassertionwheninfactsuchamisstatementdoesexist.Theauditor’ssubstantivetestsareprimarilyreliedupontorestrictdetectionrisk.
审计风险=重大错报风险×检查风险
Auditrisks=materialmisstatementrisk×detectionrisk
练习:
Theauditorsassessedacombinedinherentriskandcontrolriskat0.50andsaidtheywantedtoachievea0.05riskoffailingtodetectmisstatementsinanaccountequaltothe¥17,000tolerablemisstatementassignedtotheaccount.Whatdetectionriskdotheauditorsplantouseforplanningtheremainderoftheauditwork?
·Risk-basedapproach:
auditrisk-basedapproach,businessrisk-basedapproach
2.了解被审单位
Understandingtheentityandknowledgeofthebusiness
TheCPAshouldobtainalevelofknowledgeoftheclient’sbusinessthatwillenableeffectiveplanningandperformanceoftheauditinaccordancewithgenerallyacceptedauditingstandards.Thisknowledgehelpstheauditorin
(1)Identifyingareasthatmayneedspecialconsideration
(2)Assessingconditionsunderwhichaccountingdataareproduced,processed,reviewedandaccumulated
(3)Evaluatingaccountingestimatesforreasonableness(e.g.,valuationofinventories,depreciation,allowancefordoubtfulaccounts,percentageofcompletionoflong-termcontracts)
(4)Evaluatingthereasonablenessofmanagementrepresentations
(5)Makingjudgmentsabouttheappropriatenessoftheaccountingprinciplesappliedandtheadequacyofdisclosures
3.估计重大错报或舞弊的风险
Assessingtherisksofmaterialmisstatementandfraud
重要性水平 可容忍误差
·Materiality(level)tolerableerror
Auditorsusematerialitythreeways:
(1)asaguidetoplanningtheauditprogram—directingattentionandauditworktotheimportant,uncertain,orerror-proneitemsandaccounts;
(2)asaguidetoevaluationoftheevidence;(3)asaguideformakingdecisionsabouttheauditreport.Materialityinauditingisperceivedintermsofbothpotentialmisstatement(inaplanningsense)andknownorestimatedmisstatement(inanevaluationandreportingdecisionsense).
Auditorsmustexaminebothquantitativeandqualitativefactorswhenassessingmateriality.Someofthecommonfactorsauditorsuseinmakingmaterialityjudgmentsare:
(1)AbsoluteSize;
(2)RelativeSize;(3)Natureoftheitemorissue;(4)Circumstances;(5)Uncertainty;(6)CumulativeEffects
Thetolerablemisstatementistheamountbywhichaparticularaccountmaybemisstated,yetstillnotcausethefinancialstatementstakenasawholetobemateriallymisleading.
练习:
(1)ExplaintherelationshipbetweenMateriality,AuditriskandAuditevidence.
(2)Discussthecriteriawhichwoulddeterminewhetherthefollowingsaleofanassetwouldbedeemedtobematerialandrequiredisclosureinthefinancialstatements.
AB,apubliclimitedcompany,manufacturesengineeringparts,andispreparingitsfinancialstatementsfortheyearending31December2007.
ABhassoldabuildingtooneofitsdirectorswhoretiredon31December2007.Thesellingpriceofthebuildingwas500,000andthecompanymadeprofitof200,000onthetransaction.Ifthebuildingpriceindexrisesmorethan50percentinthenexttwoyearsthenafurther100,000becomespayablebythedirector.Thecompanydoesnotnormallysellbuildingandthistransactionisthefirstofitskindinthecompanyrecords.Thedirectorwasearning400,000perannumatthetimeofherretirement.
Thecompanynormallymakesprofitsofbetween40millionand50millionbutthecurrentyear’soperatingprofitshavedroppedto3million.Thenetassetsofthecompanyare400millionandthecarryingvalueofbuildinginthebalancesheetis100million.
Answer:
(a)Natureandincidenceofthetransaction
Thecompanydoesnotnormallysellbuildingandthistransactionisthefirstofitskind.Alsothetransactioniswitharelatedparty.Althoughtheprofitonthetransactionof200,000isunlikelytobematerialfromthecompany’spointofview,itislikelytobematerialtothedirector,asthecosttothedirectorexceedsherannualsalary.Whenconsideringmateriality,theauditorhasalsotoconsidertheneedsofusersandsoitislikelythatthistransactionwouldbeconsideredmaterialbyusers.
(b)Size
Thesizeoftheprofit(200,000)ismaterialbasedontheoperatingprofit,asitaccountsfor6.7%ofoperatingprofit.Butthesizeofnetassetsmakesthesaleofbuildingimmaterial.
(c)Disclosure
UnderCAS××,theprofitonsaleoftangiblenon-currentassetsmaybedisclosedseparatelydependingonsize.Asdiscussedabove,thenetprofitonsaleis6.7%ofoperatingprofitandsocouldbedeemedtobesignificant;particularlyasthisisthefirsttransactionofitstypecarriedoutbythecompany.
(d)Contingency
UnderCAS××,theauditorsalsoneedtoconsiderwhetheraprovisionneedstobemadefortheadditional100,000thatcouldbecomepayablebythedirector,withinthenexttwoyears.Thecontingencyislikelytooccur,otherwisetheprovisionwouldnotbeincludedinthecontract.However,isthecontingentassetof100,000immaterial?
Onceagain,itisdowntoprofessionaljudgmentastowhetherthecontingencyismaterial.
Takingalltheaboveitemstogether,itislikelythatthesaleoftheassetismaterialtakingparticularnoteofthenatureandincidenceofthetransaction.Thereforeitislikelytobedisclosedintheaccounts,probablyinaccordancewithCAS××RelatedPartyDisclosures.
4.分析性复核程序Analyticalprocedures
Analyticalproceduresarenormallyusedatthreestagesoftheaudit:
(1)planning,
(2)substantivetesting,and(3)overallreviewattheconclusionofanaudit.Theyarerequiredduringtheplanningandoverallreviewstages.
Analyticalproceduresareusedfor3purposes:
(1)Planningnature,timing,andextentofotherauditingprocedures
(2)Substantivetestsaboutparticularassertions
(3)Overallreviewinthefinalstageofaudit
5.制定审计计划Planninganaudit
6.审计记录:
工作底稿
Auditdocumentation:
workingpapers
7.利用其他人的工作
Usingtheworkofothers
·Relyontheworkofexperts
·Relyontheworkofinternalaudit
三、内部控制Internalcontrol
Internalcontrolisaprocesseffectedbyanentity’sboardofdirectors,management,andotherpersonnel—designedtoprovidereasonableassuranceregardingtheachievementofobjectivesinthefollowingcategories:
(1)reliabilityoffinancialreporting,
(2)effectivenessandefficiencyofoperations,and(3)compliancewithapplicablelawsandregulations.
Fivecomponentsofinternalcontrol
(1)controlenvironment
(2)riskassessment
(3)controlactivities
(4)informationandcommunication
(5)monitoring
1.内部控制系统评价
内部控