语言学试题与答案.docx

语言学试题与答案.docx

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语言学试题与答案

12、淡水在自来水厂中除了沉淀和过滤之外，还要加入药物进行灭菌处理，这样才能符合我们使用的标准。

二、问答：

答：

硫酸铜溶液的颜色逐渐变浅，取出铁钉后，发现浸入硫酸铜溶液中的那部分变红了。

10、生物学家列文虎克于1632年出生在荷兰，他制成了世界上最早的可放大300倍的金属结构的显微镜。

他用自制的显微镜发现了微生物。

4、小苏打和白醋混合后，产生了一种新物质——二氧化碳气体，这种气体能使燃着的火焰熄灭，这样的变化属于化学变化。

1、月相的变化有什么规律？

（P49）

4、咀嚼馒头的外皮也可以感觉到甜味吗？

为什么？

9、月球地貌的最大特征，就是分布着许多大大小小的环形山，环形山大多是圆形的。

关于环形山的形成，目前公认的观点是“撞击说”。

一、填空：

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.

1.     DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.

2.     Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform. 

3.     Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.

4.     Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience. 

5.     Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts. 

6.     Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer. 

7.     Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents. 

8.     Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality. 

9.     “itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument. 

10. Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.

11. S________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.

12. Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.

13. R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

14. Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds________.

15. Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh__________.

16. R_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.

17. C____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.

18. Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.

19. Ana________isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement（s）inasentence.

20. Accordingtothen____theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

21.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.

A.Plato

B.Bloomfield

C.GeoffreyLeech

D.Firth

22.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.

A.theconceptualistview

B.contexutalism

C.thenamingtheory

D.behaviorism

23.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?

A. Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

B. Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.

C. Senseisabstractandde-contextualized.

D. Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.

24.“CanIborrowyourbike?

”_______“Youhaveabike.”

A.issynonymouswith

B.isinconsistentwith

C.entails

D.presupposes

25.___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.

A.Predicationanalysis

B.Componentialanalysis

C.Phonemicanalysis

D.Grammaticalanalysis

26.“alive”and“dead”are______________.

A.gradableantonyms

B.relationalopposites

C.complementaryantonyms

D.Noneoftheabove

27._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

A.Reference

B.Concept

C.Semantics

D.Sense 

28.___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.

A.Polysemy

B.Synonymy

C.Homonymy

D.Hyponymy

29.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.

A.homonyms

B.polysemy

C.hyponyms

D.synonyms

30. Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.

A.grammaticalrules

B.selectionalrestrictions

C.semanticrules

D.semanticfeatures

IV.Definethefollowingterms.

31.           semantics

32.           sense

33.           reference

34.           synonymy

35.           polysemy

36.           homonymy

37.           homophones

38.           Homographs

39.           completehomonyms

40.           hyponymy

41.           antonymy

42.           componentialanalysis

43.          grammaticalmeaning

44.          predication

45.          Argument

46.          predicate

47.          Two-placepredication

V.Answerthefollowingquestions.

48.   Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents?

49.   Whatiscomponentialanalysis?

Illustrateitwithexamples.

50.   Howdoyoudistinguishbetweenentailmentandpresuppositionintermsoftruthvalues?

51.   Howdoyouaccountforsuchsenserelationsbetweensentencesassynonymousrelation,inconsistentrelationintermsoftruthvalues?

52.   Accordingtothewaysynonymsdiffer,howmanygroupscanweclassifysynonymsinto?

Illustratethemwithexamples.

53.   Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?

Howtheydiffer?

答：

①可以节约能源；②减少对环境的污染；③降低成本。

SuggestedAnswers

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.

l.F

2.F

3.T

4.F

5.T

6.T

7.F

8.T

9.T

10.T

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.

11.  Semantics

12.  direct

13.  Reference

14.  synonyms

15.  homophones

16.  Relational

17.  Componential

18.  selectional

19.  argument

20.  naming

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

2l.A

22.B

23.D

24.D

25.B

26.C

27.A

28.C

29.D

30.A

IV.Definethefollowingterms.

31.Semantics:

Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

32.Sense:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.

33.Reference:

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience

34.Synonymy:

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.

35.Polysemy:

Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.

36.Homonymy:

Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

37.Homophones:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarecalledhomophones.

38.Homographs:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.

39.Completehomonyms:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecalledcompletehomonyms.

40.Hyponymy:

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.

41.Antonymy:

Antonymyreferstotherelationofoppositenessofmeaning.

42.Componentialanalysis:

Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewordmeaning.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents,whicharecalledsemanticfeatures.

43.Thegrammaticalmeaning:

Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.

44.Predication:

Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.

45.Argument:

Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication.Itisgenerallyidenticalwiththenominalelement（s）inasentence.

46.Predicate:

Apredicateissomethingthatissaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.

47.Two-placepredication:

Atwo-placepredicationisonewhichcontainstwoarguments.

V.Answerthefollowingquestions.

 48.  Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents?

Themeaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponentsbecauseitcannotbeworkedoutbyaddingupallthemeaningsofitsconstituentwords.Forexample:

（A）Thedogbittheman.

（B）Themanbitthedog.

Ifthemeaningofasentencewerethesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents,thentheabovetwosentenceswouldhavethesamemeaning.Infacttheyaredifferentinmeanings.

Asweknow,therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:

grammaticalmeaningandsemanticmeaning.Thegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in（A）aredifferentfromthegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in（B）.T