语言学试题与答案.docx

1、语言学试题与答案12、淡水在自来水厂中除了沉淀和过滤之外，还要加入药物进行灭菌处理，这样才能符合我们使用的标准。二、问答：答：硫酸铜溶液的颜色逐渐变浅，取出铁钉后，发现浸入硫酸铜溶液中的那部分变红了。10、生物学家列文虎克于1632年出生在荷兰，他制成了世界上最早的可放大300倍的金属结构的显微镜。他用自制的显微镜发现了微生物。4、小苏打和白醋混合后，产生了一种新物质二氧化碳气体，这种气体能使燃着的火焰熄灭，这样的变化属于化学变化。1、月相的变化有什么规律？（P49）4、咀嚼馒头的外皮也可以感觉到甜味吗？为什么？9、月球地貌的最大特征，就是分布着许多大大小小的环形山，环形山大多是圆形的。关于环

2、形山的形成，目前公认的观点是“撞击说”。一、填空：I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. 1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or Ame

3、rican English. 2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situa

4、tions. 4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. 5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. 6. Behaviorists attempted to define the meanin

5、g of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. 7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. 8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to

6、 their degree of formality. 9. “it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. 10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence

7、. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given. 11. S_ can be defined as the study of meaning. 12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. 13. R_ means what a linguistic form refers to in the

8、real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 14. Words that are close in meaning are called s_. 15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h_. 16. R_ opposites ar

9、e pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. 17. C_ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components. 18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s_ restrictions, which are con

10、straints on what lexical items can go with what others. 19. An a_ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. 20. According to the n_ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. III. Ther

11、e are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 21. The naming theory is advanced by _. A. Plato B. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _. A. the conceptualist viewB. conte

12、xutalism C. the naming theoryD. behaviorism23. Which of the following is not true? A.Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B.Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C.Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D.Sense is the aspect of meaning dic

13、tionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _ “You have a bike.” A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. _ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. A. Predication analysisB. C

14、omponential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “alive” and “dead” are _. A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A. Referen

15、ce B. ConceptC. Semantics D. Sense 28. _ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called _. A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is

16、 governed by _. A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms. 31. semantics 32. sense33. reference 34. synonymy35. polysemy 36. homonymy 37. homophones 38. Homographs39. complete homonyms40. hyponymy41. antonymy 42. componential a

17、nalysis43. grammatical meaning44. predication45. Argument 46. predicate47. Two-place predication V. Answer the following questions. 48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components? 49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with example

18、s. 50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values? 51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values? 52. According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we cla

19、ssify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples. 53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ? 答：可以节约能源；减少对环境的污染；降低成本。Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. l.F2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.T10.T II. Fill in each of the foll

20、owing blanks with one word which begins with the letter given. 11. Semantics12. direct13. Reference14. synonyms15. homophones16. Relational17. Componential18. selectional19. argument 20. namingIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.

21、 2l.A22.B23.D24.D25.B26.C27.A28.C29.D30.AIV. Define the following terms. 31. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. 32. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form

22、; it is abstract and de -contextualized. 33. Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience 34. Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close simila

23、rity of meaning. 35. Polysemy: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. 36. Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 37. Homophon

24、es: When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones. 38. Homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. 39. Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms. 40. Hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to th

25、e sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 41. Antonymy: Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning. 42. Componential analysis: Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach

26、 is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. 43. The grammatical meaning: The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is go

27、verned by the grammatical rules of the language. 44. Predication: The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. 45. Argument: An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence. 46. Predicate: A predicate is

28、something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence. 47. Two-place predication: A two-place predication is one which contains two arguments. V. Answer the following questions. 48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum tot

29、al of the meanings of all its components? The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example: (A) The dog bit the man. (B) The man bit the dog. If the meaning of a se

30、ntence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings. As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (B). T