高中化学基础知识.docx

高中化学基础知识.docx

《高中化学基础知识.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高中化学基础知识.docx（7页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

高中化学基础知识

高中化学基础知识（Basicknowledgeofhighschoolchemistry）

Highschoolchemistry,knowledgepoints,concept,alotofthingsareveryabstract,difficulttounderstand,toreviewthegreatdifficulty,Weifangyoungteacherstocreatehighschoolchemistryaimstohelpthestudentsarestudyinganddeepentheirunderstandingofthechemistryofhighschool,tohelpthemsolvethedifficultiesencounteredinlearning.

Catalog

Safetyofchemicalexperiment

Separationandpurificationofmixtures

Iontest

Aunitofquantityofmatter

Theapplicationofquantityofmatterinchemistryexperiment

Chemicalsandtheirchanges

Metalsandtheircompounds

Nonmetalsandtheircompounds

Testofchlorideion

Nitricoxideandnitrogendioxide

Ammoniaandammoniumsaltchemicalexperimentsafety

Separationandpurificationofmixtures

Iontest

Aunitofquantityofmatter

Theapplicationofquantityofmatterinchemistryexperiment

Chemicalsandtheirchanges

Metalsandtheircompounds

Nonmetalsandtheircompounds

Testsforchlorideion,nitricoxideandnitrogendioxide,ammoniaandammoniumsalts

Safetyofchemicalexperiment

1,

（1）thetestofpoisonousgasshouldbecarriedoutintheventilatedkitchen,andattentionshouldbepaidtothepropertreatmentofexhaustgas（absorptionorignition,etc.）.Whenconductinginflammableandexplosivegasexperiments,itshouldbeobservedthatthetailgasshouldbeburnedorproperlytreated.

（2）burnshouldbetreatedbyadoctor.（3）concentratedacidsprinkledontheexperimentaltable,firstwithNa2CO3（orNaHCO3）neutralization,andthenwashedcleanwithwater.Concentratedacidstainedontheskin,itshouldbewipedwithadrycloth,andthenrinsewithwater.ConcentratedacidsplashintheeyeshouldbedilutedwithdiluteNaHCO3solution,andthenaskthedoctortodealwith.（4）concentratedalkaliontheexperimentaltable,firstdilutewithaceticacidneutralization,andthenwashedcleanwithwater.Concentratedalkaliontheskin,itshouldfirstflushwithalargeamountofwater,andthencoatedwithboricacidsolution.Concentratedalkalisplashintheeye,rinsewithwaterandthenrinsewithboricacidsolution.（5）sodium,phosphorusandotherfiresshouldbecoveredwithsand.（6）asmallareaofalcoholandotherflammableorganicmatteriscaughtfire.Itshouldbequicklywashedwithadampcloth.

Separationandpurificationofmixtures

Theapplicationshouldpayattentiontomattersofmaterialseparationandpurificationmethodforexamplefiltrationforsolid-liquidseparationmixedapaste,twolowandthreebydistillationandpurificationsuchaspurificationorseparationofliquidmixturesofdifferentboilingpointstopreventliquidsaltbumping,themercurythermometeristhepositionoftheball,theflowofthewatersolubilityofdifferentcondensationdistillationsuchasoildistillationsuchastheuseofoilextractionofsoluteinanimmisciblesolvent,asolventextractionagentselectionmethodofsolutefromitssolutionandanothersolventcompositionoftheextractshouldmeetthefollowingrequirements:

theoriginalandthesolventimmiscible;opentheupperendofthepistonorthegroovethepistonandthefunnelwateronthesolubilityofthesoluteismuchlargerthantheoriginalsolventwithbromineincarbontetrachlorideextractionofbromineandiodineliquidseparationofimmiscibleliquidsTheairiscommunicatedwiththeairinsideandoutsidethefunnel.Openthepiston,thepistonclosesslowlylowerliquidoutflow,inatimelymanner,theupperliquidpouredoutfromtheupperendasbyheatingamixtureofevaporationofbromineandiodinebromineincarbontetrachlorideextractionintoliquidafterevaporationandcrystallizationforseparationandpurificationofseveralsolublesolidsolutionevaporates,withaglassrodtostirmoreevaporationwhenthesolidsolution;inthedish,stopheatingseparationofNaClandKNO3mixture

Iontest

ThephenomenonofionionequationClAgNO3reagent,diluteHNO3whiteprecipitateproducedCl+Ag+AgCl=SO42-:

diluteHClprecipitationformula,BaCl2whiteprecipitateSO42-+Ba2+=BaSO4downthemostcommonshouldhave:

alkalisodiumpotassiumcalciumandbarium,besidesisinsolubleinwater;bariumsulfate,leadwatersolublechloridesalt,silvercarbonateinpotassiumsodiumsolutionunder.K+,Na+,K+（throughthepurpleflame,cobaltblueglass）Na+yellow.Fe3+usesKSCNsolutiontogenerateredsubstancesFe（SCN）3.,Br-andI-,usingadiluteHNO3acidifiedAgNO3solutionBr-toproduceapaleyellowprecipitatethatisinsolubleindilutenitricacid,andI-producesayellowprecipitatethatisinsolubleindilutenitricacid.

Afterthereleaseofcarbonateionswithhydrochloricacidiscolorlessandodorlessandmakeclearlimewaterturbidgases:

carbondioxide.Ammoniaionswithconcentratedsodiumhydroxide,hea