基础医学英语词汇.docx
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基础医学英语词汇
2007-1-1医学英语词汇复习
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AmphibiousWords
resistance抵抗力tolerance耐受性rejection排异incubation潜伏期rupture疝abortion流产angry(患处)肿痛发炎的carrier带菌者attack(疾病)侵袭,发作administration(药的)服法,用法appendix阑尾
Moreexamples:
cutis(皮)aorta(主动脉)cervix(颈)sinus(窦)bronchus(支气管)os(骨)abdomen(腹)membrane(膜)vertebra(椎骨)cartilage(软骨)stoma(口,小孔)soma(身体,躯干)glottis(声门)aden(腺)derma(真皮)larynx(喉)nephron(肾单位)rachis(脊柱)pharynx(咽)phalanx(指骨)bruit(杂音),massage(按摩)antibiotic(抗生素)electrocardiogram(心电图)AIDS(爱滋病)
SARS(非典型性肺炎)Alzheimer’sdisease(早老性痴呆症)Parkinson’sdisease(帕金森病)
SynonymousPhenomenonofMedicalTerms
人体部位 英语拉丁词根 希腊词根
体body corporo- somato--some
头head capito- cephalo-
心 heart cordi- cardio-
手hand mano-/manu-cheiro-
指 finger digito- dactylo-
血管 vesselvaso- angio-
vein veno- phlebo-
鼻子nosenaso-rhino-
胸chest pecto- thoraco-
腹belly abdomino- ventro-
脊柱 backbonespino-spondylo-
脑braincerebro-encephalo-
特殊单复数词尾变化规律
1)a----aee.g.aorta----aortae主动脉pleura----pleurae胸膜
2)us----ie.g.coccus----cocci球菌bacillus-----bacilli杆菌
3)um----ae.g.serum----sera(serums)血清bacterium----bacteria
4)on----ae.g.phenomenon----phenomenacriterion----criteria
5)is----ese.g.crisis----crises危象analysis----analyses分析
6)ma----matae.g.trauma----traumata创伤haematoma----haematomata血肿
7)men----minae.g.lumen----lumina(管)腔abdomen----abdomina腹
8)元音+x----元音+cese.g.cortex----cortices皮质appendix----appendices阑尾thorax----thoraces胸廓
辅音+x----辅音+gese.g.pharynx----pharynges咽larynx----larynges喉
Typesofcombiningforms
Greeksource
(1)-o-cardi+o→cardio-o+logy→-ology
(2)-a-par+a→para-
(3)-y-brad+y→brady-pol+y→poly-
Latinsource
-i-mult+i→multi-i+cide→-icideov+i→ovi-
e.g.neur/o/psych/o/pathy(神经精神性疾病)gastr/o/enter/itis(胃肠炎)germ/i/cide(杀菌剂)dent/i/form(牙形的)par/a/thyroid(甲状旁腺)hyper/chlor/emia(高氯血)peri/card/itis(心包炎)
Thefollowingpatternsaretypicalofaffixation:
1.prefix+root
e.g.inject:
in-(into)+jec(t)-(tothrow),putmaterialintoaparticularlocation,oftenusingasyringe
2.prefix+combiningvowel+root
e.g.ectoderm:
ect-(outside)+derm-(skin),theouterlayeroftheembryo
3.root+suffix
e.g.stasis:
sta-(tostand)+-sis(aconditionof),slowingoffluidmovement
4.root+combiningvowel+suffix
e.g.sclerosis:
scler-(toharden)+-sis(aconditionof),hardeningorstiffeningofatissue.
5.prefix+root+suffix
e.g.perirenal:
peri-(around)+ren-(kidney)+-al(pertainingto),locatedaroundthekidney
6.prefix+root+combiningvowel+suffix
e.g.synarthrosis:
syn-(together)+arthr-(joint)+-sis(aconditionof),immobilizationofajointbyfusion(不动关节)
7.prefx+prefix+root+combiningvowel+suffix
e.g.contraindication:
contra-(against)+in-(toward)+dic(t)-(tospeak)+-tion(theactionorprocessinvolved),aconditionthatprecludesusingadrug(禁忌症)
8.root+root+suffix
e.g.sialadenitis:
sial-(saliva)+aden-(gland)+-itis(aninflammatorycondition),inflammationofasalivarygland(涎腺炎)
9.root+combiningvowel+root+suffix
e.g.hemophilia:
hemo-(blood)+phil-(beloved,loving)+-ia(pathologicalorabnormalcondition),anyofseveralhereditaryblood-coagulationdisorders
10.prefix+root+root+suffix
e.g.hyperglycemia:
hyper-(excessive)+glyc-(sweet)+(h)em-(blood)+-ia(condition),thepresenceofanabnormallyhighconcentrationofglucoseintheblood
医学派生词前缀的来源及其特点
(一)
介词希腊语前缀及例词拉丁语前缀及例词
aftermeta-(metatarsal)post-(post-mortem)
beforepro-(prognosis)ante-(antenatal)
insideendo-(endocrine)intra-(intravenous)
outsideecto-(ectoplasm)extra-(extramural)
医学派生词前缀的来源及其特点
(二)
介词希腊语前缀及例词拉丁语前缀及例词
in,intoen-,em-(endemic)in-im-(insert)
outofex-,exo-(exocrine)ex-(excision)
below/underhypo-(hypothermia)sub-(subacute)
above/overhyper-(hypertention)super-(superacidity)
supra-(suprarenal)
医学派生词前缀的来源及其特点(三)
介词希腊语前缀及例词拉丁语前缀及例词
againstanti-(antibiotic)contra-(contradict)
togetherwithsyn-,sym-(syndrome)con-com-(concentrate)
acrossdia-(diarrhea)trans-(transmit)
医学派生词后缀的特定意义
1.–itis(发炎)arthritis(关节炎)
2.–oma(瘤)lipoma(脂肪瘤)
3.–ia(状态)nephralgia(肾痛
4.–osis(不正常状态)hepatosis(肝病)
5.–oid(类似)nephroid(类似肾脏的)
6.–algia(痛)hepatalgia(肝痛)
7.–tomy(切开术)nephrotomy(肾切开术)
8.–ectomy(切除术)hepatectomy(肝切除术)
9.–pathy(病)nephropathy(肾脏病)
10.–scope(检查镜)bronchoscope(支气管镜)
unit1
1.craniumn.(pl.)craniumsorcrania颅骨,头盖骨cranialadj.颅的,颅侧的(crani/o----skull)
2.vertebran.(oneofthe33bonesofwhichthebackbone/spine/spinalcolumniscomposed)
vertebraladj.intervertebraldisc椎间盘vertebraten.脊椎动物adj.有椎骨的,有脊椎的;脊椎动物的
3.hematopoiesis(=haematopoiesis)n.(theformationofbloodorbloodcellsinthebody.)
(hemat/o-→blood,-poiesis→formation;production)
4.plateletn.(bloodplatelet;thrombocyte)
5.diaphysisn.(theshaftofalongbone)长骨的中段,骨干
6.epiphysisn.theendofalongbonethatisoriginallyseparatedfromthemainbonebyalayerofcartilagebutthatlaterbecomesunitedtothemainbonethroughossification.骨骺
dia-→throughepi-→over;on-physis→growth
7.metacarpal----anyofthebonesofthemetacarpus(thepartofthehumanhandthatincludesthefivebonesbetweenthefingersandthewrist掌骨)
metatarsal----anyofthebonesofthemetatarsus(themiddlepartofthehumanfootthatformstheinstepandincludesthefivebonesbetweenthetoesandtheankle跖骨)
meta-→after;beyond后;旁carp/o-→wristbone;carpustars/o→anklebone;tarsus
8.phalanxn.(Greek)(=digitus)aboneofafingerortoe
9.femurn.(=thighbone)aboneofthelegsituatedbetweenthepelvisandkneeinhumanbeings.Itisthelargestandstrongestboneinthebody.
10.sternumn.(=breastbone)alongflatboneinmostvertebratesthatissituatedalongtheventralmidlineofthethoraxandarticulateswiththeribs
11.scapulan.(=shoulderblade)(eitheroftwolarge,flat,triangularbonesformingthebackpartoftheshoulder
12.suturen
(1)thelineofjunctionoranimmovablejointbetweentwobones,especiallyoftheskull
(2)thesurgicalmethodusedtocloseawoundorjointissues.
suturaladj.骨缝的;缝合的
13.patellan(=kneecap;kneepan)aflattriangularbonelocatedatthefrontofthekneejoint
14.membranen.膜intramembranousadj.intra-→inner;inside
15.endochondraladj.(=intracartilaginous)end/o-→inner;insidechondr/o-→cartilage
16.ossificationn.
(1)thenaturalprocessofboneformation
(2)Thehardeningorcalcificationofsofttissueintoabonelikematerial.os-,ossi-,osse-→bone-fication→making
17.stressn.anappliedforceorsystemofforcesthattendstostrainordeformabody
18.osteoclastn.-clastbreakingcell
osteoblastn.-blastundifferentialcell;primitivecell母细胞,成…细胞osteo/o-→bone
19.homeostasisn.theabilityortendencyofanorganismoracelltomaintaininternalequilibriumbyadjustingitsphysiologicalprocesses.
home/o-→like-stasiscontrol→stopcompareh(a)emostasis:
arrestofbleeding止血
20.spurn.abonyoutgrowthorprotuberance骨刺
21.Paget’sdisease:
(SirJamesPaget,aBritishsurgeonandpathologistwhodescribedosteitisdeformans)
achronicdiseaseofbones,affectedbonesbecomethickenedandtheirstructuredisorganized变形性骨炎,佩吉特氏病
22.lysosome:
n.amembrane-boundorganelleinthecytoplasmofmostcellscontainingvarioushydrolyticenzymesthatfunctioninintracellulardigestion溶酶体(一种被膜包住的小器官,存在于大多数细胞的细胞质中,内含多种水解酶,在细胞内消化中起作用)
-some→body(Greek)体e.g.chromosome染色体;chondrosome线粒体
23.phagocytosev.吞噬phagocyten.吞噬细胞,噬菌细胞phag/o-→eat;swallow-cyte→cell;
24.gastrointestinaladj.(oforrelatingtothestomachandintestines)gastr/o-→stomach
25.osteoporosis:
n.adiseaseinwhichthebonesbecomeextremelyporous,aresubjecttofracture,andheal
slowly,occurringespeciallyinwomenfollowingmenopauseandoftenleadingtocurvatureofthespinefromvertebralcollapse骨质疏松症;一种疾病,症状为骨头充满孔隙、易骨折且愈合慢,多发作于绝经后的妇女且常导致椎骨萎陷直至脊椎弯曲-porosis→loose疏松
26.collagen----Thefibrousproteinconstituentofbone,cartilage,tendon,andotherconnectivetissuethatconverts
intogelatinbyboiling.骨胶原,成胶质
27.macrophage----Anyofthelargephagocyticcellsfoundinthereticuloendothelialsystem.
Unit2
NewWords
1.spinalcord/spinalmarrow:
脊髓spinalcolumn(spine)脊柱,脊椎骨
2.medulla髓质(e.g.themarrowofbone骨髓,themedullaoblongata.延髓)
3.cavity:
oralcavity口腔abdominalcavity腹腔bodycavity体腔cranialcavity颅腔entericcavity肠腔nasalcavity鼻腔thoraciccavity胸腔pelviccavity盆腔marrowcavity/medullarycavity髓腔
4.meninges(pl.)(meninx)脑膜meningitis:
脑膜炎epidemiccerebrospinalmeningitis流行性脑脊髓膜炎
5.pons:
(pl.pontes)aslendertissuejoiningtwopartsofanorgan.桥;脑桥
6.occipitaladj枕部的,枕骨的n.枕骨occiput:
thebackpartoftheheadorskull.枕部
7.foramenn.孔;小口或通气口magnum(源自拉丁语,magnus大的)
8.reticularadj.reticularcell网状细胞,reticulartissue/reticulum网状组织
9.cerebellumn.小脑cerebrumn.大脑encephalonn.脑,脑髓diencephalonsn.间脑mesencephalonn.中脑telencephalonn.端脑
10.corpus:
themainpartofabodilystructureororgan主体;身体结构或器官的主要部分
corpuscallosum:
thebroadbandofnervoustissuethatconnectsthetwocerebralhemispheres胼胝体
11.dendrite:
abranchedprotoplasmicextensionofanervecellthatconductsimpulsesfromadjacentcells
inwardtowardthecellbody.Asinglenervemaypossessmanydendrites.树突;神经细胞中一种树枝状细胞质突起,它把邻近细胞的刺激传到本细胞。
体内一条神经里可能有许多树突。
axon:
theusuallylongprocessofanervefiberthatgenerallyconductsimpulsesawayfromthe