Nervous System.docx

Nervous System.docx

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NervousSystem

Chapter9

NervousSystem

Objectives

I．NervousSystem-BasicStructureandFunction

Aftercompletingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:

namethetwomajordivisionsofthenervoussystemandlisttheorganswithineach;fullydiscussthethreegeneralfunctionsofthenervoussystem,anddrawafigurethatsummarizesthem;constructaflowchartillustratingtherelationshipbetweenthedivisionsofthenervoussystem;distinguishbetweensensoryreceptorsandeffectors;describethestructureofaneuron;comparethehistologicalcharacteristicsofneurogliaandneurons;describegreymatterandwhitematter,andgiveexamplesofeach;describethecellularpropertiesthatpermitcommunicationamongneuronsandeffectors;describethevarioustypesofneuralcircuitsinthenervoussystem;definetheterms ventricles and centralcanal （intheCNS）;classifyneuronsaccordingtotheirfunction;classifyneuronsaccordingtotheirstructure,drawinganillustrationofeach.

II.TheSpinalCordandBrain

Aftercompletingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:

outlinethemajordivisionsofthenervoussystem;discusshowtheorgansofthecentralnervoussystem（CNS）areprotectedintermsofbones,membranesandfluid;discusstheexternalstructureofthespinalcordintermsofitslength,start,end,numberofsegments,andenlargedareas;nametheterminalpointofthespinalcord,thetermusedforhowtheremainingspinalnervesappear,andthepointatwhichtheyterminate;fullydiscussthecross-sectionalanatomyofthespinalcord;distinguishbetweena"horn"anda"column"inthespinalcord;explainwhichportionofthespinalcordisthelocationforthemajornervetracts,anddiscusstheirsignificance;compareandcontrastascendinganddescendingtracts;discussthegeneralcharacteristicsofnervetracts;discussthefeatureslocatedontheperipheryofthespinalcordincross-section;definethetermganglionanddiscussthespecificitiesofadorsalrootganglion.

Youshouldbeableto:

nameandlocatethethreemajorregionsofthebrainanddescribehowthebrainisprotected;discussthestructureofthecerebrumintermsofitssize,twomajordivisions,surfaceappearance,majorgrooves,andlobaldivisions;identifythecompositionofthebulkofthecerebrum;definethetermcerebralcortex,gyri,fissuresandsulciofthecerebrum;anddiscussitscompositionandsignificance;comparethemajorfunctionalareas（sensoryandmotor）ofthecerebralcortexintermsoflocationandfunction（adiagrammayhelphere）;explainwhatismeantbyanassociationareaofthecerebralcortexandnameafewassociationtraits;explainwhatismeantbyhemispheredominance,andnamethehemispherethatisdominantinmostpeople;definethetermbasalgangliaandexplaintheirlocationandfunction;discussthetwoimportantareasofgraymatterwithinthediencephalon,intermsoflocationandfunction;identifythethreemajorpartsofthebrainstem;discussthemidbrainintermsofitslocation,compositionandfunction;discusstheimportanceofthemedulla（oblongata）;brieflyexplainthesignificanceofthelimbicsystemandreticularformation;locatethecerebellumonadiagram,anddiscussitsstructureandfunction.

III.TheSpinalNervesandCranialNerves

Aftercompletingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:

describehowspinalnervesareconnectedtothespinalcord;discussthecharacteristicsofspinalnervesintermsofnumber,coverings,andcomposition;discusshowaspinalnerveisdistributed;definethetermnerveplexusanddescribetheanatomicalimportanceofaplexus;namethefourmajornerveplexusesandbrieflydiscusstheareasthateachinnervates.

Youshouldbeableto:

definetheterm“cranialnerve,”andidentifythetwelvepairsofcranialnervesbyname,number,andfunctions;discussthegeneralstructureofanerve;distinguishbetweenamixed,sensory,andmotornerve;namethetwelvepairsofcranialnerves,designatethembyromannumeral,discusstheirfunction,anddesignatethemassensory,motor,ormixed.

Youshouldbeableto:

comparethestructuralandfunctionalcharacteristicsofthesomaticandautonomicnervoussystems;comparethelengthofapreganglionicandpostganglionicneuroninthesympatheticandparasympatheticdivisionoftheANS;definethetermganglion,andcomparethelocationofsympatheticandparasympatheticganglia;explainwhysympatheticgangliaarecalledchainganglia;comparetheoriginofasympatheticpreganglionicneuronwithaparasympatheticpreganglionicneuron;describethestructuresaroundthespinalcord（i.e.dorsalroot,ventralroot,spinalnerve,whiteramuscommunicans,grayramuscommunicans,paravertebral（chain）ganglia,andprevertebralganglia.）.

IV.NervousPathwayandMeningesofBrainandSpinalCord,andtheCerebrospinalFluid

Aftercompletingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:

definethetermnervepathway;listanddiscussthecomponentsinareflexarc;discussthesignificanceofreflexarcs;describethemajorcharacteristicsofthesomaticsensorypathwaysandsomaticmotorpathways;fullydiscussthethree-foldfunctionofthenervoussystem;inthefirstsentence,namethethreefunctionsofthenervoussystem;thenwriteaparagraphdiscussinghowandwhereanerveimpulsebeginsandnamethecomponentsofanervepathway;thendrawasimplenervepathwaythatinvolvesthreeneurons（withcellpartslabeled）,finallyfullydiscusshowthenerveimpulsebegins,howittravelsthrougheachneuron,howitistransmittedbetweenneurons,andfinally,howittransmittedtotheeffector;comparethelocationsandfunctionsofthedirectandindirectmotorpathways.

Youshouldbeableto:

namethethreemeningesanddiscussthedifferencesbetweenhowtheyarestructuredaroundthebrainandspinalcord;namethespacethatliesbetweentwoofthemeningessurroundingboththebrainandspinalcord,andnamethefluidthatfillsthisspace;nametheadditionalspacethatisfoundaroundthespinalcord,andnamethefluidthatfillsthisspace;namethecellsthatlinethecentralcanalandidentifythefluidthatfillsthecentralcanal;explaintheformation,circulation,andfunctionsofcerebrospinalfluid（CSF）;nametheinterconnectedcavitieswithinthecerebrumandbrainstemandidentifythefluidthatfillsthesespacesandnamethecellsthatlinethesespaces;namethespecializedcapillariesthatsecreteCSFanddenotetheirlocationonadiagram;traceadropofCSFfromwhereitissecretedtowhereitisreabsorbedbackintothebloodstream;definethetermsarachnoidgranulationsandduralsinuses;discussthefunctionsofCSF.

KeyWordsandTopics

I．NervousSystem-BasicStructureandFunction

Makecertainthatyoucandefine,anduseincontext,eachofthetermslistedbelow,andthatyouunderstandthesignificanceofeachoftheconcepts,structuresandfunctionsofthenervoussystem

Brain;Cranialnerves;Nerve;Spinalcord;Spinalnerves;Ganglion（pluralisganglia）;Sensoryreceptor;Sensoryorafferentneuron;Interneuron（alsocalledassociationneuron）;Motorneuronorefferentneuron;Effector. 

Organization:

A.centralnervoussystem（CNS）:

 brainandspinalcord

B.peripheralnervoussystem（PNS）:

 somaticnervoussystem,autonomicnervoussystem（PNS）-sympatheticdivision,parasympatheticdivision

Histology:

A.partsofaneuron:

 cellbody,dendrite,axon,synapse,synapticvesicle,neurotransmitter.

B.structuraldiversity:

 multipolarneuron,bipolarneuron,unipolarneuron. 

C.neurogliaorglia:

 astrocytes,oligodendrocytes,myelinsheath,myelinated,microglia,ependymalcells,Schwanncells,satellitecells,nodesofRanvier. 

D.whitematter

E.graymatter:

 nucleus

Electricalsignals

A.signaltransmissionatsynapses:

 presynapticneuron,postsynapticneuron,chemicalsynapse-synapticcleft,transmissionofsignalsatachemicalsynapse.

Neuralcircuits

II.TheSpinalCordandBrain

Makecertainthatyoucandefine,anduseincontext,eachofthetermslistedbelow,andthatyouunderstandthesignificanceofeachoftheconcepts.

PartOne

Spinalcordanatomy

A.externalanatomyofthespinalcord:

 conusmedullaris,filumterminale,caudaequine, spinalnerve（posteriorordorsalroot-posteriorordorsalrootganglionandanteriororventralroot）. 

B.internalanatomyofthespinalcord:

 anteriormedianfissure,posteriormediansulcus,greycommissure（centralcanal）,nuclei,anterior（ventral）grayhorn,posterior（dorsal）grayhorn,lateralgrayhorn,anterior（ventral）whitecolumn,posterior（dorsal）whitecolumn,lateralwhitecolumn,tract,sensory（ascending）tract,motor（descending）tract.

Reflex:

 spinalreflex,cranialreflex,somaticreflex,autonomicreflexorvisceralreflex. 

Reflexarc:

 sensoryreceptor（stimulus）,sensoryneuron,integratingcentre（monosynapticreflexarc,polysynapticreflexarc）,motorneuron（effector）. 

PartTwo

Principalpartsofthebrain:

 brainstem,cerebellum,diencephalons,cerebrum.

Brainstem

A.medullaoblongata:

 pyramids,decussationofpyramids,cardiovascularcentre,medullaryrhythmicityareaoftherespiratorycentre.

B.pons:

C.midbrainormesencephalon

Cerebellum:

 transversefissure,vermis,cerebellarhemispheres,cerebellarcortex,folia.

Diencephalon:

 thalamus,hypothalamus,pinealgland-melatonin. 

Cerebrum:

 cerebralcortex,gyrusorconvolution（pluralisgyri）, fissure （sulcusorpluralissulci,longitudinalfissure,cerebralhemispheres,corpuscallosum,centralsulcus,frontallobe,parietallobe,precentralgyrus,postcentralgyrus,lateralcerebralsulcus,temporallobe,parieto-occipitalsulcus,occipitallobe,insula,cerebralwhitematter-associationtracts,commissuraltracts,projectiontracts,basalganglia,limbicsyste