考研英语试题.docx
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考研英语试题
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthorePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Instead,thestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.
Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.
Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.TheHawthorneexperimentshaveanothersurpriseinstore:
_12__thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofreproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.
Itturnsoutthatparticularwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17_toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday.Workers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekingweekinanycase,before__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect“ishardtopindown.
1.[A]affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored
2.[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off
3.[A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof
4.[A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous
5.[A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments
6.[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work
7.[A]asfaras [B]forfearthat [C]incasethat [D]solongso
8.[A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion
9.[A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant
10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by
11.[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed
12.[A]contraryto [B]consistentwith [C]parallelwith [D]pealliarto
13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source
14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading
15.[A]Incontrast [B]Forexample [C]Inconsequence [D]Asusual
16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly
17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued
20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Text2
Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.
Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDennis’D.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”
Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.
TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateisweatheritshould”reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.
TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCountthathasnurrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patienttrendatthesupremecourt”,saysHaroleC.wegner,apartendattorneyandprofessorataeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.
26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof
[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness
[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation
[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting
[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?
[A]Itsrullingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions
[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction
[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit
[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.
28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)mostprobablymeans
[A]lossofgoodwill
[B]increaseofhostility
[C]changeofattitude
[D]enhancementofdisnity
29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents
[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges
[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued
[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders
[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks
30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?
[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents
[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders
[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents
[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents
Text3
InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread.
Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“twostepflowofcommunication”:
Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoereryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelopingwhaterveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.
Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.
Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobserratingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebringinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinflucencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninflucencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecasecadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.
Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencetobe.
31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto
[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics
[B]discussinfluentials’functioninspreadingideas
[C]exemplifypeople’sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics
[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.
32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”
[A]servesasasolutiontomarketi