海商法 双语.docx

海商法 双语.docx

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海商法双语

海商法概述

I.Definition概念

1.Maritimelawisasetoflegalrulesregulatingthemaritimetransportandships.海商法是调整特定的海上运输关系和船舶关系的法律总称。

2.Subjectmatter海商法的调整对象

*relationsarisingfrommaritimetransport海上运输中发生的法律关系

i.e.contract,tortandotherrelationsfrommaritimetransport

（2）relationsarisingfromships与船舶有关的特定社会关系

i.e.legalstatusofships,realrightsofships,managementofships

II.Characteristics海商法的性质

*civillawv.commerciallaw海商法隶属于民法还是商法

*nationallegislationv.int’llaw海商法是国内法还是国际法

III.Thesourcesofmaritimelaw海商法的渊源

1.Nationallegislations国内法

MaritimeCode

RegulationontheRegistrationofShips

2.Int’ltreaties国际条约

Int’lConventiononStandardofTraining,CertificateandWatch-keepingforSeafarers

3.Customs国际惯例

York-AntwerpRules

Int’lpracticemaybeappliedtomattersforwhichneithertherelaventlawsofthePRCnoranyinternationaltreatyconcludedoraccedetobythePRCcontainanyrelevantprovisions.

4.Cases司法判例

Chapter1

Ships船舶

§1.1Shipsinbrief

船舶概述

Definition（船舶的概念）

Legalnature（船舶的法律本质）

Nationalityofaship（船舶的国籍）

I.Definition定义

*Alargecraftinwhichpersonsandgoodsmaybeconveyedonwater.广义上是指大型水上航行工具。

*Art.3ofMaritimeCode:

Shipsmeanssea-goingshipsandothermobileunits,butdoesnotincludeshipsorcrafttobeusedformilitaryorpublicservicepurposes,norsmallshipsoflessthan20tonsgrosstonnage.狭义上的船舶

1.sea-goingshipsandothermobileunits（关于海船及其他海上移动式装置）

2.shipsusedformilitaryorpublicservicepurposes（用于军事、政府公务的船舶）

3.smallshipslessthan20tonsgrosstonnage（20总吨以下的小型船艇）

II.Legalnature船舶的法律本质

*Shipisacompositionofmanyparts.（船舶是合成物）

*Shipsisapersonalproperty,itissometimestreatedasarealproperty.（船舶是动产，但也有按照不动产处理的情形）

3.Shipisaproperty,itissometimespersonifized.（船舶是物，但有时也作拟人化处理）

III.Nationalityofaship船舶的国籍

1.Theimportanceofaship’snationality船舶国籍的重要性

Int’l:

eg.1958ConventionontheHighSeas

National:

eg.transportandtowagebetweentheportsofPRCshallbeundertakenbyshipsflyingtheChineseflag

2.Conditionsforthegrantofnationality授予船舶国籍的条件

*Generalprovisions国际法上的一般规定

eg.UNConventionontheLawoftheSea:

EveryStateshallfixtheconditionsforthegrantofitsnationalitytoships,fortheregistrationofshipsinitsterritory,andfortherighttoflyitsflag.TheremustexistagenuinelinkbetweentheStateandtheship.

Case:

SaintVincentandtheGrenadines

vs.

theRepublicofGuinea

OnOct28,1997,aGuineanpatrolboatsarrestedashipSAIGAatthesouthernlimitofGuinea’sexclusiveeconomiczone.TheSAIGAisanoiltankerflyingtheflagofGrenadines.ItisownedbyashippingcompanyofCyprus.

（2）PRCRules我国的规定

ShipsownedbycitizensofthePRCwhoseresidencesorprincipalplacesofbusinessarelocatedwithintheterritory;

ShipsownedbyenterpriseswithlegalpersonstatusestablishedunderthelawsofPRCandwhoseprincipalplacesofbusinessarelocatedwithintheterritory.

3.Flagofconvenience方便旗

*Aflagofconvenienceshipisonethatfliestheflagofacountryotherthanthecountryofownership.

*Aflagofconveniencecountryisconsideredtobeacountrywithwhatiscalledanopenregistry,whichmakesabusinessfromgrantingitsflagstoallkindsofvessels,includingfishingvessels,thatareownedbynationalsfromotherStates.

Listofflagsofconveniencecountries

*AntiguaandBarbuda

Bahamas

Barbados

Belize

Bermuda（UK）

Bolivia

Burma

Cambodia

CaymanIslands

Comoros

Cyprus

EquatorialGuinea

FrenchInternationalShipRegister（FIS）

GermanInternationalShipRegister（GIS）

Georgia

*Gibraltar（UK）

Honduras

Jamaica

Lebanon

Liberia

Malta

MarshallIslands（USA）

Mauritius

Mongolia

NetherlandsAntilles

NorthKorea

Panama

SaoTomeandPríncipe

StVincent

SriLanka

Tonga

Vanuatu

§1.2Realrightsofships

船舶物权

*Ownershipofships（船舶所有权）

*Mortgageofships（船舶抵押权）

*Maritimeliensofships（船舶优先权）

*Possessorylienofships（船舶留置权）

I.Ownershipofships船舶所有权

*Definition概念

Art.7ofMaritimeCode:

theshipowner’srighttolawfullypossess,utilize,profitfromanddisposeoftheshipinhisownership（船舶所有人依法对其船舶享有占有、使用、收益、处分的权利）

2.Theacquisition,transferenceorextinctionoftheownership所有权的取得、转让和消灭

（2）transferenceoftheownership转让

thetimeoftransference转让的时间

◆MaritimeCode:

noprovision

◆RealRightsLaw:

Art.23（动产物权的设立和转让，自交付时发生效力，但法律另有规定的除外）

◆Case:

Chineseshipbreakervs.US.ship-owner

（4）registrationoftheownership所有权登记

Art.9ofMaritimeCode:

Theacquisition,transferenceorextinctionoftheownershipshallberegisteredattheshipregistrationauthorities;noacquisition,transferenceorextinctionoftheship’sownershipshallactagainstathirdpartyunlessregistered.

Whoisthethirdparty?

II.Maritimelien船舶优先权

*Definition定义

Maritimelienistherightoftheclaimant,subjecttotheprovisionsofArt.22,totakepriorityincompensationagainstship-owners,bareboatchartersorshipoperatorswithrespecttotheshipwhichgaverisetothesaidclaim.

2.Characteristicsofmaritimelien船舶优先权的特点

*Statutoryright法定性

*Accessoryright依附性

*Secretright秘密性

*Preferredright优先性

3.Theitemssecuredbymaritimelien优先权所担保的债权项目

（1）Paymentclaimsforwages,otherremuneration,crewrepatriationandsocialinsurancecostsmadebytheMaster,crewmembersandothermembersofthecomplementinaccordancewiththerelevantlaborlaws,administrativerulesandregulationonlaborcontracts.

（2）Claimsinrespectoflossoflifeorpersonalinjuryoccurredintheoperationoftheship.

（3）Paymentclaimsforship’stonnagedues,pilotagedues,harborduesandotherportcharges.

（4）Paymentclaimsforsalvagepayment.

（5）Compensationclaimsforlossofordamagetopropertyresultingfromtortiousactinthecourseoftheoperationoftheship.

4.Thepriorityofmaritimelien优先权的受偿顺序

*claimssecuredbymaritimelienvs.non-securedclaims船舶优先权担保的债权与无担保的债权

*maritimeliensvs.othersecuredrights（mortgage,possessorylien）优先权与其他担保物权

（3）therankingofdifferentkindsof

claimssecuredbymaritimeliens

优先权担保的不同类海事请求

*toprotecttheinterestsofcrew保护船员利益原则

*claimsforlossoflifeorpersonalinjuryvs.claimsforlossofordamagetoproperty人身伤亡之债优先于财产损害之债

*toprotecttherevenuefromtax保护国家税收原则

*claimsthatcreateconditionsforthesatisfactionofotherclaims为其他债权受偿创造条件的债权

（4）therankingofthesamekindofclaims优先权担保的同类海事请求之间的受偿顺序

*paidinproportionatthesametime按比例同时受偿

*firstintime,lastinright（salvagepayment）先发生后受偿

Art.23:

Themaritimeclaimssetoutinparagraph1ofArt.22shallbesatisfiedintheorderlisted.However,anyofthemaritimeclaimssetoutinsub-paragraph（4）arisinglaterthanthoseundersub-paragraph

（1）through（3）shallhavepriorityoverthoseundersub-paragraph

（1）through（3）.

*Incasetherearemorethantwomaritimeclaimsundersub-paragraphs

（1）

（2）（3）（5）,theyshallbesatisfiedatthesametimeregardlessoftheirrespectiveoccurrences;wheretheycouldnotbepaidinfull,theyshallbepaidinproportion.

*Shouldtherebemorethantwomaritimeclaimsundersub-paragraph（4）,thosearisinglatershallbesatisfiedfirst.

*thelegalcostsforenforcingthemaritimeliens行使优先权产生的诉讼费用

*theexpensesforpreservingandsellingtheship保存、拍卖船舶产生的费用

*theexpensesfordistributionoftheproceedsofsale分配船舶价款产生的费用

*otherexpensesincurredforthecommoninterestsoftheclaimants为海事请求人的共同利益支付的其他费用

5.Theextinctionofmaritimeliens优先权的消灭

*Themaritimeclaimattachedbyamaritimelienhasnotbeenenforcedwithinoneyearoftheexistenceofsuchmaritimelien除斥期间届满

*Theshiphasbeenthesubjectofaforcedsalebythecourt强制出售

*Theshiphasbeenlost船舶灭失

Case:

闽安8号拍卖争议案——海事法院委托拍卖行拍卖船舶的效力

*案情：

1996.12，某海事法院对扣押中的船舶——闽安8号，委托某拍卖市场进行拍卖。

该拍卖市场以自己的名义发布广告，依照拍卖法规定的程序组织实施了全部拍卖活动，最终竞买人——某船务公司签署了《拍卖成交确认书》，并经公证部门公证。

船舶在海事法院扣押期间，遭到严重损坏，致使竞买人未能已约定的船舶状态取得船舶。

竞买人向拍卖人提出赔偿请求。

*判决：

一、二审法院对竞买人的请求不予支持，最高院驳回再审的通知书称，“本案所设拍卖属于司法拍卖，不适用于《拍卖法》”。

“拍卖标的在交接前始终处于司法扣押之下，拍卖市场对闽安8号没有保管和向船务公司交付义务，在拍卖过程中也没有过失”。

故驳回再审请求。

II.Mortgageofships船舶抵押权

*Definition定义

It’stherightofpreferredcompensationenjoyedbythemortgageeofthatshipfromtheproceedsoftheauctionsalemadeinaccordancewithlawwhereandwhenthemortgagorfailstopayhisdebttothemortgageesecuredbythemortgageoftheship.

*theobjectofmortgage抵押权的客体

shipanditsapparel,

vesselunderconstruction,

compensationpaidfromtheinsurancecoverageonaccountofthelossoftheship

（2）withrespecttoaship提供的船舶

（3）theproceedsoftheauctionsale依法拍卖为其实现方式

2.Therankingofthemortgages抵押权的受偿顺序

Art.19:

Therankingofthemortgagesshallbedeterminedaccordingtothedatesoftheirrespectiveregistrations.Themortgagesregisteredonthesamedatesshallrankequallyforpayment.

以抵押权登记的先后顺序为准，同日登记的按同一顺序受偿。

III.Possessorylienofships船舶留置权

*It’stherightoftheshipbuilderorrepairertosecurethebuildingorrepairingcostoftheshipbymeansofdetainingtheshipinhispossessionwhentheotherpartytothecontractfailsintheperformancethereof.造船人、修船人在合同另一方未履行合同时，可以留置所占有的船舶，以保证造船、修船费用得以偿还的权利。

Chapter2

ContractofCarriageofGoodsbySea

海上货物运输合同

§2.1Introduction概述

*Definitionofcontractofcarriageofgoodsbysea

*Basictypesofcontracts

*Formationandcancellationofcontracts

*Carrier’sresponsibilitiesandrights

*Shipper’sresponsibilitiesandrights

I.DefinitionofCOGS海上货物运输合同的概念

*It’sacontractunderwhichthecarrier,againstpaymentoffreight,undertakestocarrybyseathegoodscontractedforshipmentbytheshipperfromtheportofacountrytoano