从句重点难点.docx
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从句重点难点
一.定语从句
1.只能用that,而不能用which的情形
1)当定语从句修饰的先行词是:
all,any,every,few,afew,only,no,some,very,something,anything,nothing,little,much
等不定代词或先行词被上述不定代词修饰时,连接词只能用that;
Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree.
2)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时,其后的关系代词要用that
JackisthebeststudentthatIhaveevertaught.
3)先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast修饰时
HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto.
4)先行词既有人又有物时用that
Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool
2.that可用于表示“方式”、“时刻”、“地址”的词语后取代“when”、“where”、“inwhich”等也常省略
看看汤姆处置工作的方式。
Lookattheway(that/inwhich)Tomtackledthejob.
不幸的是,咱们跨越海峡的那天海上波涛汹涌
Theseawas,unfortunately,veryroughtheday(that/when/onwhich)wecrossedthechannel.
这是我父亲住了30年的屋子。
Thisisthehouse(where/inwhich/that)myfatherlivedforthirtyyears.
3.介词后不能跟“that”,在某些固定短语中介词不该与短语分开而前置
listento;lookat;lookfor;payattentionto;takecareof
Yourinefficiency,whichwehaveputupwithfartoolong,isbeginningtoannoyourcustomers.(putupwith为短语动词,with不能前置。
)
这是我跟你说到的那本书。
HereisthebookthatItoldyouabout.
不可利用:
HereisthebookaboutthatItoldyou.因为that前不能加介词。
)
4.名词或数词+of+which/whom表示部份与整体的关系
Therearemanyformsofenergy,oneofwhichisatomicenergy.(which的先行词是manyformsof…)
Thebook,thecoverofwhichisgray,ismine.(which的先行词是thebook)
作关系代词
“but”用做关系代词时,作“who/that…not…”或“which…not…”解,用在否定结构中通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的修辞效果
凡是规则皆有例外。
Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.
=Thereisnorulethatdoesnothaveexceptions.
即:
Everyrulehasexceptions.
Moreexamples:
Notadaywentbybutbroughtusbadnewsatthatdifficulttime.=
Notadaywentbywhichdidnotbringusbadnewsatthatdifficulttime.
Therearefewofusbutadmireyouraccomplishments.=
Therearefewofuswho/thatdonotadmireyouraccomplishments.
6.关系代词和关系副词的省略
1)在therebe结构的定语从句中,用作主语的关系代词that/who/which能够省略,thereis或therehaseverbeen等结构通常在定语从句中有“目前有的,曾经有的”之意。
.Henrywastheonlyperson(that)therewastowitnessthecaraccident.
Thiscarisprobablefasterthananyofitskind(that)therehaseverbeen.
2)当先行词是reason且关系代词在句中作原因状语时,关系代词why能够省略
.Thatisthereason(why)Ilikehersomuch.
3).当先行词是way且关系代词在句中作方式状语时,关系代词inwhich或that能够省略。
.Thatwastheway(inwhich)hefoundoutthesolutiontothisproblem.
用作关系代词
“what+名词”相当于“allthe+名词+that”
.IhavegivenyouwhathelpIcan.=
IhavegivenyouallthehelpthatIcan.
Shesavedwhatlittlemoneysheearnedtohelpthisoldlady.=
Shesavedallthelittlemoneythatsheearnedtohelpthisoldlady.
8.先行词为表示“情形”的名词时(situation,conditions,instance等),定语从句用where引导:
.Thisisasituationwherehecanstillremaincalm.
二.状语从句
1.时刻状语从句
1)when,as,while比较
“when”可指一段时刻,也可指一点时刻,可表示短暂性动作,也可表示持续动作
“as”表示动作与主句同时发生,与延续性动词连用,意为“随着…”
“while”只能表示持续性的动作或状态
Icamehome,Ihandedmymotherapaperbag.(表示一个动作紧接另一个动作发生。
)
AsIleftthehouseIforgotthekey.(表示两个动作同时发生,持续时刻较短。
)
Tombrokeaglasswhileshewaswashingup.(两动作同时发生,从句动作比主句动作延续时刻长。
)
2)till,until,notuntil比较
until比till更具有强调意味,故用于句首时通常常利用“until”而不用“till”
主句为肯定式,则谓语动词是表示延续性的动作,意为“一直到…为止”
主句为否定句,则谓语动词表示非延续性动作,意为“直到…才…”
notuntil放在句首时,主句的主语和谓语要倒装,表示增强语气
Notuntilpeoplelosefriendshipdotheyknowitsvalue.
notuntil常常利用于
“Itwasnotuntil…that…”的强调结构
ItwasnotuntilIhadinvestigatedthematterthatIhadsomeideaofit.
3)nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely,barely)…when
主句用过去完成时,从句用过去时
连接词放在句首,则主谓部份倒装
Shehadnosoonerwalkedoutoftheclassroomthansherealizedhermistake.(不用倒装)
Hardly(barely/scarcely)hadthewordsbeenspokenwhenherealizedthatheshouldhaveremainedsilent.
话刚一出口,他就意识到自己本应该维持沉默。
Nosoonerhadshewalkedoutoftheclassroomthansherealizedhermistake.
她刚一步出教室就意识到了自己的错误。
4)“一……就……”的不同表达方式
“themoment/minute/second/instant/day”
“…的那一刻/分/秒/天就…”
JackstoppedtalkingthemomentheheardTom’svoiceatthedoor.
一听到门外汤姆的声音,杰克就停止了谈话。
Youseethelightningtheinstantithappens,butyouhearthethunderlater.
你会在闪电发生的那一刻就看见它,而要过一会儿才能听到雷声。
几种不常常利用的表达举例:
Theywentintoactiondirectly/immediately/instantly/presentlytheyheardthealarm.(inBritishEnglish)
5)几种需用完成时态的时刻状语从句:
bythetime;itisthefirst/secondtime…;hardly…when/before;scarcely…when/before;nosooner…than;since;eversince;nowthat
.BythetimeIgothome,theyhadleftfortheairport.
ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedsuchabigmuseum.
We’dhardlyarrivedbeforewehadtogoback.
6)下列词组可引导时刻状语从句:
everytime/anytime/nexttime/thefirsttime/thelasttime
theday/theweek/themonth/theyear
themorning/theafternoon/theevening/thenight
.Everytimehewentbackhome,hewouldwenttovisithisgrandma
2.地址状语从句
地址状语从句一般由where和wherever或everywhere引导
Theteacherstartedwhereshestoppedyesterday.
老师从她昨天停止的地方开始。
Johnwentwhereverhecouldfindwork.
约翰去了任何一个能够找到工作的地方。
3.条件状语从句
1)由if引入的条件从句
a.Ifitrains,Ishall/willstayathome.
b.Peterwon’tcatchthebusifhedoesn’thurry.
(这两句从句用一般此刻时,主句用未来时。
)
c.Ifyougoout,youmust/should/may/cantaketheumbrella.
(主句可采用不同的情态动词。
)
d.Ifitwasfine,heusuallywalkedtoschool.(主、从句都用过去时。
)
e.Ifyouwillhaveitso,Ihavenothingtosayagainstit.若是你非要如此,我也什么反对的。
(从句中的will,表示“意愿”。
)
2)if从句的否定形式可用“ifnot”或“unless”,译为“除非…”
Unlessyoustartatonceyou’llbelate.
3)还有一些连接词及词组可引出条件状语从句
providing/providedthat,giventhat,so/aslongas,onconditionthat,
supposing/supposethat,intheeventthat
4)几种不常常利用的条件状语从句:
.Intheeventthatshecannotarriveontime,wewillgofirst.
若是她不能按时到,咱们就先走。
Saywhathesaidweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit?
假设他说的是真的,你将如何应对?
Assumingyourcalculationiscorrect,weshouldtravelnortheast.
假设你的计算是正确的,咱们应向东北方向行进。
5)祈使句+and/or(else)也可表示条件句,这时祈使句能够理解为省略了if的条件句
Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyouwilloftenseeadvertisementshowinghappy,balancedfamilies.
开开电视或掀开一份杂志,你往往会看见广告上展现出一个个快乐和谐的家庭。
4.目的和结果状语从句
1)由从属连词that,sothat,inorderthat引导的目的状语从句
Mandoesnotlivethathemayeat,buteatsthathemaylive.
人生存不是为了用饭,用饭则是为了生存。
2)在连接词so…that中so是副词,直接修饰形容词和副词,其句型如下:
a.so+副词+that…
+副词+that…
c.so+形容词+a+单数可数名词+that…
Itwassohotadaythatwesleptmostofthetime.
3)连接词such…that结构中,such是形容词,直接修饰名词,其句型为:
a.such+a+形容词+单数可数名词+that…
b.such+形容词+不可数名词+that…
c.such+形容词+复数名词+that…
4)在so…that引入的从句中,可把so放在句首,进行强调,但主谓需倒装,
Soterriblewasthestormthattheroofswereallrippedoff.
5)其它结果状语从句
suchthat(是)如此(以至)
situationissuchthatagreementisunlikely.
somuchsothat如此…以至于
likeshamburgerssomuchsothatheeatsthemalmosteveryday.
withtheresultthat结果是
waslisteningtothemusic,withtheresultthatIdidn’thearthedoorbell.
tothedegreethat;tosuchadegreethat;totheextentthat
以至于,到…境界,程度
badnewsupsetmetothedegreethat/tosuchadegreethat/totheextentthatIcouldn’tfallintosleeplastnight.
5.原因状语从句
1)because,as,since,for比较
because引入的从句既能够位于主句之前,也能够位于主句以后,表示主句谓语动词的直接原因,译作“因为”,
as引入的从句放在句首或句末,译作:
“由于”
since引入的从句通常放在句首,表示已为人们所知的原因或理由,多译作:
“既然”
for所表达的语气最弱,出此刻句末表示附带说明的理由
.Iaskedhertostayfortea,forIhadsomethingtotellher.
我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告知她
because比as,since,for语气更强,表示直接原因,因此用why开头的疑问句只能用because回答。
2)原因状语从句还可用短语连接词引导
a.inthat,意为:
“因为,在于…”,常常利用于两事物间的比较
machinediffersfromtheotheroneinthatitismorepowerful.
b.nowthat意为:
“既然”,与since同义,它连接已经完成的动作,适应上放于句首
thatwehavefinishedthecourse,weshallstartdoingmorerevisionwork.
既然咱们已经完成了这门课程,咱们即将开始温习工作。
c.notthat…butthat…
相当于notbecause…butbecause…
thatJohndoesn’twanttohelpyou,butthatit’sbeyondhispower.
不是约翰不想帮你,而是他没办法帮。
注意:
那个句式并非是一个完整的句子,完整的句式是Itisnotthat…butthat…
d.seeingthat和consideringthat意为:
“鉴于,由于”
Seeingthathecouldnotpersuadetheothermembersofthecommittee,hegavein.
鉴于他无法说服委员会中的其他成员,他舍弃了。
e.inas/somuchas…意为“因为”
thoroughphysicalexaminationisimportantinas/somuchasitservestoreassurethepatient.
全面体检很重要,因为它能打消病人的疑虑。
6.妥协状语从句
1)as引入的妥协状语从句表达的语气强烈,被强调的词要放在as之前
Patientashewas,hehadnointentionofwaitingforthreehours.
虽然他很有耐心,但也不想等上三个小时。
Muchassheneededthejob,shehadtorefuse.
无论她是何等需要这份工作,她只能拒绝。
2)while和whereas引发的状语从句表示强烈对比
WhileIsympathizewithyourpointofview,Icannotacceptit.
我虽然同情你的观点,但不能同意它。
Theywantahouse,whereaswewouldratherliveinaflat.
他们想要一所大宅子,而咱们更想住在一套单元房里。
3)Nomatter+疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句,可用疑问词+ever来引导
(错)Nomatterwhathesayshasnothingtodowithme.
(对)Whateverhesayshasnothingtodowithme.
4)其它引导词引导的妥协状语从句
Inspiteofthefactthathewasdeafanddumb,hehadageniusformusic.
Forallthattherewerealotofdifficulties,hefinallyenteredthefinalcompetitionandwonthefirstprize.
Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.
5)Forall(that)表示妥协概念,“that”能够省略,相当于“inspiteof”
或“inspiteofthefactthat”,其后可接短语或从句
.Forallthefinewordshemaysaytoyourface,hedoesn’tlikeyouatheart.
Forall(that)yousay,hewillnotchangehismind.
6)with引导的介词短语也可表示妥协概念。
.Withallouradvice,heinsistedongoingtherealone.
7)alough/though/yet的利用
用了although或though,就必然不能在后面的从句同时用but,可是though能够和yet连用
.Althoughtheywereverytired,theywerestillworking.
Thoughtheywereverytired,yettheywerestillworking.
7.比较状语从句
1)倍数比较:
…times+as+原级+as;
…times+比较级+than…;…timesthatof…
AisfivetimeslongerthanLineB. A线是B线的5倍长。
/A线比B线长4倍。
Thisboxisfourtimesasheavyasthatone.那个盒子比那个盒子重3倍。
Thenumberofthestudentsinthiscollegethisyearistwicethatof(thenumberof/asmanyas)lastyear.
那个学校今年的学生人数是去年的两倍。
2)themore…themo