InterculturalCommunicationLectureNotes.docx

InterculturalCommunicationLectureNotes.docx

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InterculturalCommunicationLectureNotes

InterculturalCommunicationLectureNotes

Unit1IntroductiontoInterculturalCommunication

a）Definitionofinterculturalcommunication

InterculturalCommunicationisthecommunicationbetweenpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticandculturalbackground.

b）Reasonsforinterculturalcommunication

*business*militarycooperation*science*education*entertainment*massmedia*tourism*immigration*internet

*globalization

c）Subjectsrelatedtointerculturalcommunication

*Anthropology*Psychology*Communication*Linguistics*…

d）ElementsandIssuesininterculturalcommunication

XULisheng（2004,pointsout:

interculturalcommunicationinvolvesdifferingperceptions,attitudes,andinterpretations.

culturalvalues,worldviewandsocialorganizationsarethethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunication.

ThemainissuesinvolvedinIC:

relationshipbetweenlanguageandculture--whyarelanguageandculturecloselyrelated,andcannotbeseparated?

;verbalcommunication--weneedtolearntoidentifywordswithculturalmeanings;non-verbalcommunication–trytounderstandtheattachedmeaningsofgestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch,conceptsoftime（pace）,andspace（distance）;dealingwithculturaldiversityinthe“globalvillage”:

acceptandtoleratethepotentialconflicts,avoidprejudiceanddiscrimination.

e）Englishlanguagelearnersandinterculturalcommunication

-Therequirementofthenationalsyllabus.

InterculturalLearning--Theprocessofbecomingmoreawareofandbetterunderstandingone'sowncultureandotherculturesaroundtheworld.

Theaimofinterculturallearning--toincreaseinternationalandcross-culturaltoleranceandunderstanding

InterculturalAwareness--Interculturalawarenessinlanguagelearningisoftentalkedaboutasifitwerea'fifthskill’...

Wecannotlearnasecondlanguageifwedonothaveanawarenessofthatculture,andhowthatculturerelatestoourownfirstlanguage/firstculture.Soitisnotonlyessentialtohaveculturalawareness,butalsointerculturalawareness.

Interculturalawarenessskillsinclude:

-observing,identifyingandrecognizing

-comparingandcontrasting

-negotiatingmeaning

-dealingwithortoleratingambiguity

-effectivelyinterpretingmessages

-limitingthepossibilityofmisinterpretation

-defendingone'sownpointofviewwhileacknowledgingthelegitimacyofothers

-acceptingdifference

Interculturalcommunicativecompetence

Youshouldbeableto______

1.lookatyourownculturefromthepointofviewofyourownculture

2.beawareofhowyourcultureisseenfromoutside,byothercountriesorcultures

3.understandorseethetargetculturefromitsownperspective

4.beawareofhowtheyseethetargetculture

Waystodevelopinterculturalcompetence

1.Produceaguidebook,posterorwebpageforvisitorstoyourtown,countryorregion.

2.Readarticlesorextractsfrombooks,newspapers,magazinesorwebsiteswrittenbypeoplewhohavevisitedyourtown,countryorregion.

3.Familiarizeyourselfwithsourcesofinformationlikenewspapersandwebsitesaboutthetargetculture

Unit2CultureandCommunication

（1）Culture

1Definitionsofculture

Culturecanbedefinedinmanyways.Thisindicatesthatcultureisall-inclusive;itiseverythingandeverywhere.Hallremindsus:

“Cultureiscommunicationandcommunicationisculture.”

Themostwidelyaccepteddefinitionis:

“Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,valuesbehaviours,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.”（Hall,1977）

2Ingredientsofculture

Culturemaybeclassifiedbythreelargecategoriesofelements:

artifact,concepts,andbehaviors.（AlmanetandAlwan,1982）

“Whereasmoneyisconsideredanartifact,thevalueplaceduponitisaconcept,buttheactualspendingandsavingofmoneyinbehaviour.”（Samovar,Porter&Stefani,2000）

Somescholarspreferthatvariousaspectsofculturearegenerallydividedintothreelevels.

Fig.1Levelsofculture

Material/Symbollevel（mostsuperficial）

“Practices”--Visible

Institutions/Systemlevel

Values/Beliefandbehaviourlevel------------------Invisible

3Characteristicsofculture

Cultureisnotinnate;itislearned.

Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.

Cultureisthebasisofself-identityandcommunity.

Culturecombinesthevisibleandinvisible.

Cultureisdynamic.

Culturesareinherentlylogical.

Cultureisselective.

Thefacetsofcultureareinterrelated.

Cultureisethnocentric.

4Culturalsymbolsandimages

5Whatculturedowelearn?

Hofstede（1991）:

culture＝thefirstcultureandthesecondculture.

↓↓

cultureinanarrowsensecultureinabroadsense

‖‖

Otherscholars:

CulturewithabigCculturewithasmallc

‘BigC’=achievementculture,.history,geography,institutions,literature,musicandartetc.

‘smallc’=behaviourculture,.products（nonmaterial）,ideasandbehaviours

（2）Communication

1Needsandpurposesforcommunication

（referto：

Maslow’shierarchyofneed）

Thecommonpurposesandneedsofcommunicating:

survival,co-operation,personalneeds,relationships,persuasion,power,socialneeds,information,makingsenseoftheworld,andself-expression.

Allthesecanbeorganisedunderfourmaincategories:

personalneeds,socialpurposes,economicnecessities,andartisticexpression.

2Definitionofcommunication

DanceandLarson（1972）found126definitionsofcommunication,sincethennonehasbeenaddedtotheirlist.

Communicationsimplyreferstotheactandprocessofsendingandreceivingmessagesamongpeople.

Fromtheperspectiveofinterculturalcommunication:

“Communicationoccurswhenevermeaningisattributedtobehaviourortheresidueofbehaviour.”（交际是在意义被给予某一行为或行为的结果时产生的现象。

）

--bySamovarandPorter（1997）

3Thescopeandclassificationofcommunication

Communicationoccursunderthefollowingcircumstances:

1Thereisatleasttwoormorepeople.

2Theremustbesomecontactbetweencommunicators.

two-waycontact,orone-waycontact;

directandindirectcommunication,

face-to-facecommunicationanddistancecommunication.

3Theremustbealanguagesharedbycommunicators.

4Anexchangeofinformationhastakenplace.

Variousdegreeofsuccessincommunication:

completesuccesspartialsuccessfailure

4Theprocessofcommunication

1Componentsofcommunication

Message

sender

receiver

channelSamovarandPorter（1997）

noise

Feedback

*encoding（编码）

*decoding（译码）

2Modelsofcommunication

Thelinearmodel（线性交际模式/5W模式）

SenderMessageChannelReceiverEffect

Fig.7Lasswells’slinearmodel

Thelinearmodelisusuallycalled5Wmodel:

WhoASender

SaywhatDirectsaMessage

InwhichchannelThroughsomeMedium

TowhomToaReceiver

AndwithwhateffectWithsomeEffect

TheCircularmodel（循环式模式）

In1950sOsgoodandSchrammsuggesttointegratetheconceptoffeedbackintheprocessofcommunication,andtherecomesthecircularmodel.

Thecontextualisedmodel（环境模式）

Thismodeladdsthedimensionofasituationand/oritssurroundings-Context.Thecontextcanbephysical,socialorculturalcontext.

Basedonitsnature,communicationcanbeclassifiedasseveraltypes:

intrapersonalcommunication,interpersonalcommunication,organizationalcommunication,andmasscommunication.Differentscholarsdescribethecommunicationprocessindifferentmodels,suchasLasswell’slinearmodelor5Wmodel,Osgood-Schramm’scircularmodel,andthecontextualisedmodel.

Communicationplaysanintegralpartinhumanlife.Itinvolvesthefollowingessentialingredients:

sendersandreceivers,encodinganddecoding,messages,channels,noise,andfeedback.Alltheseintergradientsareinteractedwitheachother.Fieldofexperience,effectandcontextalsoaffecttheactofcommunication.

5Characteristicsofcommunication

Communicationisdynamic.

Communicationisirreversible

Communicationissymbolic.

Communicationissystemic.

Communicationisself-reflective

Communicationisinteractive.

Communicationiscomplex.

Unit3CulturalDiversity

1Definitionofvalue

Valuesarethemostdeep-seatedpartofaculture,ourbeliefs,attitudesandbehavioursareinfluencedbyourculturalvalue.Valuesdiffersomewhataccordingtoage,gender,socialposition,occupationandregion.

ConciseOxfordDictionary–“One’sprinciplesorstandards,one’sjudgementofwhatisvaluableorimportantinlife.”

Hofstede--“abroadtendencytoprefercertainstatesofaffairsoverothers”.

Kluckhohn–“aconception,explicitorimplicit,distinctiveofanindividualorcharacteristicofagroup,ofthedesirablewhichinfluencestheselectionfromavailablemodes,meansandendsofaction.”（价值观是“个人或群体所特有的一种显型或隐型的认什么缘故是可取的观念，这一观念阻碍人们从现有的各类行为模式，方式和目的中作出选择。

”）

2Valuesformthecoreofculture

GeertHofstede’stheoryofculturalvariationscanbecomparedtothepeelingofanonion.Hestatesthatfourlevelsembodythetotalconceptofculturelikeanonionwith4layers:

symbols,heroes,ritualsandvalues.

Culturalsymbolsandimages

Symbolsrepresentthemostsuperficialandtheeasiesttoperceivebyanoutsiderandtheleastimportanttoanoutsider.（符号有词语、姿势、图表或物体等，这些东西都有其特定的含义，只有共享这一文化的人材能识别。

）

Heroes

Heroespossesscharacteristicsthatarehighlypraisedandworshippedinaculture.SuchasinChina,figureslikeLinZexu,DongCunruicanservedasChinesculturaheroes.InAmericanculture,theyworshipGeorgeWashington,MartinLutherKing,etc