英语句子成分分析学案.docx
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英语句子成分分析学案
英语句子成分分析学案
句子成分及结构
一句子成分
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
英语的基本成分有七种:
除主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)和补语(complement)之外还有表语(predicative)(同位语)。
1.主语
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。
练习1.在下面句子的主语下面划横线
1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.
2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.
3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.
4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.
5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.
6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.
7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.
8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.
9.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue
练习2.改错
1)Doexerciseeverydayisgoodforyourhealth.
2)Allwhathesaidisn’ttrue.
3)Hecamelatemadehisteacherangry.
4)Onthedeskistwobooks.
2.谓语:
谓语由动词充当,说明主语所作的动作或具有的特征和状态。
谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:
Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.
2、复合谓语:
由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。
如:
Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.
Hehascaughtabadcold.
Mysisteriscryingoverthere.
Ihavebeenwaitingforyouallthetime.
Iwouldstayathomeallday.
考点1.在一般现在时中要注意动词第三人称单数
当主语是复数时(不止一个人),后面用动词原形。
当主语是一个人,并且不是I和you,谓语要用第三人称单数,也就是在后面加-s,-es
1.We/You(你们)/They____(go)toschooleveryday.
2.TomandMike____(go)toschooleveryday.
3.Hischildren____(go)toschooleveryday.
4.Tom____(go)toschooleveryday.
5.Mybrother____(go)toschooleveryday.
6.Yoursister____(go)toschooleveryday.
7.Theirson____(go)toschooleveryday.
8.He/She____(go)toschooleveryday.
考点2.谓语中要有动词,因此形容词前面要加上系动词才能作谓语。
如:
Ourschoolverybeautifulandwelikeitverymuch.×
改___________________________________________-
考点3.在复合谓语中,情态动词和助动词,如:
will,shall,would,should,can,maymust,could,might,还有hadto,hadbetter,usedto,wouldrather等,都没有人称和数的变化,后面用动词原形。
修改下面句子:
Shemightstayedathome.______________________________
Hemustcomes.___________________________________
Itrainingheavily.__________________________________
Theyplantingtreesonthefarm.___________________________________
3.表语:
表语多是形容词,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。
划出下列句中的表语,并说明有什么充当。
1)OurEnglishteacherisanAmerican.
2)Isityours?
3)Theweatherhasturnedcold.
4)Thespeechisexciting.
5)Threetimessevenistwentyone?
6)HisjobistoteachEnglish.
7)Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.
8)Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.
9)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.
4.宾语:
宾语由名词性的词充当,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构,
划出下列句中的宾语,并说明由什么充当。
1)Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.
2)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.
3)(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?
)Ihavefive.
4)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.
5)Iwantedtobuyacar.
6)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.
7)Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.
5.宾语补足语:
英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。
宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
用线划出下列句中的宾语补足语,并指出是什么词充当,同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。
1)HisfathernamedhimDongming.
2)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.
3)Letthefreshairin.
4)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.
5)Wesawherenteringtheroom.
6)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.
7)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.
8)Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.
6.定语:
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
考点1.
Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.
Thereisnothinginterestinginthebook.
考点2.副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
Peoplethereareveryfriendly.(那儿的人们)
Hewentuptoapolicemandownstairs.(楼下的警察)
考点3.
Thenextmanisascientist.
Themannexttomeisascientist.(我旁边的那个人)
Theshopclosesttomyhouseisaboutonekilometeraway.(距我家最近的那个商店)
考点4.介词短语作定语时要后置
TheboyunderthetreeisTom.(树下的那个男孩)
ThetallestboyinourclassisJohn.(我们班最高的那个男孩)
考点5.名词作定语一般用单数,但当woman,man作定语且后面名词为复数时,womanman也要用复数
boystudents,appletrees,mendoctors,womennurses
考点6.动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置
Ihavesomethingtosay.(直译:
我有要说的话)
Theboycryingoverthereismyclassmate.(在那边哭的那个男孩)
Thehousebuiltlastyearisimpressive.(去年建的那座房子)
考点7.Else,别的,其它的
Whoelsedoyouknow?
Somebodyelsemighthavetakenitaway.
考点8.enough修饰名词可前置或后置,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。
Nearby可作形容词、副词,因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置
1)Ihaven’tgotenoughmoney.Ican’taffordit.(形容词作定语)
2)Wehavetimeenoughtodothework.(形容词短语作定语)
3)Youcan’tbecarefulenough.(副词作状语)
3)Ifyouareintrouble,askapolicemannearbyforhelp.(副词作定语)
=Ifyouareintrouble,askanearbypolicemanforhelp.(形容词作定语)
用划出下列句中的定语,并指出是什么词性或结构充当的
1.Tomisahandsomeboy.
2.HisboyneedsTom'spen.
3.TheboyinblueisTom.
4.Theboyneedsaballpen.
5.Theboythereneedsapen.
6.Theboytowritethisletterneedsapen.
7.Thereisnothingtodotoday.
8.Thesmilingboyneedsapenboughtbyhismother.
9.Therearefiveboysleft.
10.Theboywhoisreadingneedsthepenwhichyouboughtyesterday.
11.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.
12.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.
13.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.
14.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.
15.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.
16.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.
7.状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫作状语。
可由以下形式表示:
Hewritescarefully.Hewalksslowly.
Thismaterialisenvironmentallyfriendly.Herunsveryslowly.
Unfortunately,helostallofhismoney.
考点1.形容词、副词的选择
Heis____________.(careful)
Heisa___________man.(careful)
Hefeels__________.(happy)
Hewentthere____________.(happy)
Thelectureisvery____________(important).
____________(surprising),hecametothemeetingontime.
Thethingis______________.(极其重要)
Inthepast,thisstreetis_______________.(真的很繁华).
Heusedtogotoschool______.(late)
Heusedtobe_______(late)forschool.
几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是:
方式→地点→时间。
如:
WehadagoodtimetogetheroutdoorslastSunday.
Ifoundalostpenoutsideourschoolyesterdaymorning.
考点2.频度副词如often、always、usually等在be及助动词动词后,行为动词前。
Heisoftenlate.
Heisalwayshelpingothers.
Heoftencamelate.
考点3.副词按意义分类
在句子成分中,主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认,如果这几个成分都不是,那很可能就是状语了。
因此,状语的种类很多,可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步
一.方式副词
suddenly rapidlywarmly successfullysurprisingly
quickly carefullyproudly angrily
二.地点、方向副词
here there outside inside
away straight upstairs backwards
三.时间副词
now then soon still
tomorrow 在明天 yesterday 在昨天already yet仍
lastweek/lastmonth在上周,nextweek/nextmonth
四.频度副词
always usually frequently 频繁地 often never
sometimes seldom 很少,不常rarely 罕有地 hardly
五.程度副词
very quite too pretty 相当
rather稍微 extremely极端地almost几乎 nearly几乎
练习:
指出下列划线部分属于什么状语
1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?
2.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.
3.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.
4.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.
5.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.
6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.
7.Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.
8.Theboyneedsapenverymuch.
9.Theboyreallyneedsapen.
10.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.
11.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.
12.Iamtallerthanheis.
13.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.
14.OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.
8.同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。
如:
Westudentsshouldstudyhard./(students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)
Weallarestudents./(all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
It’sgoodtousstudents.
1.Theyoungman,___,worksintheoffice.
A.mebrotherB.mybrotherC.mybrothersD.me
2.OurEnglishteacher,___oftenhelpsuswithstudy.
A.Mrs.WangB.Mrs.WangsC.Mrs.Wang's.D.ofhim
3.___,somerailwayworkers,arebusyrepairingthetrain.
A.ThemB.HeC.TheyD.Theirs
二简单句的五种基本结构
基本句型一:
SV(主+谓)
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词,都不带宾语,但可以带状语,常见的不及物动词有:
act,come,go,work,last,fall,cry,disappear,appear,smile,rise,ring,live,look,listen,laugh,hurry,talk,sleep,retire,graduate,die,care,agree,,jump,fail,wait,succeed,stay,sit,lie,shine,happen,takeplace,rain,snow,ect.如:
Itisrainingnow.
We'veworkedfor5hours.
Themeetinglastedhalfanhour.
Timeflies.
基本句型二:
SVO(主+谓+宾)
此结构是由“主语+及物动词(词组)+宾语”构成。
宾语可以是名词、代词、数词,动名词、动词不定式或词组、the+形容词、分词以及从句等。
如,
ShelikesEnglish.
Weplantedalotoftreesonthefarmyesterday.
分析下列句子成分,并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种
1.Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework..
2.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.
3.Jimcannotdresshimself.
4.AllofusbelievethatJackisanhonestboy.
5.Hedidnotknowwhattosay.
基本句型三:
SVP(主+系+表)
系动词主要是be.但还有一些动词在有些时候也可作系动词,有人称之为半系动词。
常见的半系动词有:
(1)表示特征和存在状态的be,seem,feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound等;
(2)表示状态延续的remain,stay,keep,continue,stand等;
(3)表示状态变化的become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow等。
系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语
Heisastudent.
Yourideasoundsgreat.
分析下列句子成分,并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种,并写出该句的系动词。
1)Hisadviceprovedright.
2)Theshopstaysopentill8o’clock.
3)Themachinewentwrong.
4)Alltheseeffortsseeminvain.
5)Thesewordssoundreasonable.
6)Theroomsoonbecamecrowded.
7)Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger.
8)Hefellillyesterday.
9)Treesturngreeninspring.
10)Whatyousaidsoundsgreat.
基本句型四:
SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:
give给,pass递,bring带,show显示。
这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。
间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为:
动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。
如:
Hegivemeacupo