会计英语资料1至10课.docx

会计英语资料1至10课.docx

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会计英语资料1至10课

会计英语1－10课

Text1AccountingandItsEnvironment

Developanaccountingvocabularyfordecisionmaking.Accountingisasystemformeasuring,processing,andcommunicatingfinancialinformation.Asthe“languageofbusiness,”accountinghelpsawiderangeofdecisionmakers.Accountingdatesbackstoancientcivilizations,butitsimportancetosocietyhasbeengreatestsincetheIndustrialrevolution.

Applyaccountingconceptsandprinciplestoanalyzebusinesstransactions.Thethreebasicformsofbusinessorganizationaretheproprietorship,thepartnership,andthecorporation.Whatevertheform,accountantsusetheentityconcepttokeepthebusiness’srecordsseparatefromthepersonalrecordsofthepeoplewhorunit.Accountantsatalllevelsmustbeethicaltoservetheirintendedpurpose.Generallyacceptedaccountingprinciples（GAAP）guideaccountantsintheirwork.Amongtheseguidelinesaretheentityconcept,thereliabilityprinciple,thecostprinciple,thegoing-concernconcept,andthestablemonetary-unitconcept.

Usetheaccountingequationtodescribeanorganization’sfinancialposition.Initsmostcommonform,theaccountingequationisAssets=Liabilities+Owner’sEquity.

Usetheaccountingequationtoanalyzebusinesstransactions.Transactionsaffectsabusiness’sassets,liabilities,andowner’sequity.Therefore,transactionsareanalyzedintermsoftheireffectontheaccountingequation.

Preparethefinancialstatements.Thefinancialstatementscommunicateinformationfordecisionmakingbytheentity’smanagers,owners,andcreditorsandbygovernmentagencies.Theincomestatementpresentsavideooftheentity’soperationsintermsofrevenuesearnedandexpensesincurredduringaspecificperiod.Totalrevenuesminustotalexpensesequalnetincome.Netincomeornetlossanswersthequestion,Howmuchincomedidtheentityearn,orHowmuchlossdiditincurduringtheperiod?

Thestatementofowner’sequityreportsthechangesinowner’sequityduringtheperiod.Thebalancesheetprovidesaphotographoftheentity’sfinancialstandingintermsofitsassets,liabilities,andowner’sequityataspecifictime.Itanswersthequestion,Whatistheentity’sfinancialposition?

Thestatementofcashflowsreportsthecashcominginandthecashgoingoutduringtheperiod.Itanswers,Wheredidcashcomefrom,and,Wherediditgo?

Evaluatetheperformanceofabusiness.Highnetincomeindicatessuccessinbusiness;netlossindicatesabadyear.

Newwords

accounting会计学，结算

measure估量，衡量，计算

process初步分类，整理

applyto把···应用于

transaction交易

principle原理

proprietorship独资企业，所有权

partnership合伙关系，合伙企业

corporation公司，企业

entity实体，统一的，权益

ethical合乎道德的

intended预期的

GAAP普通会计原理

guideline方针，指南

entityconcept主体概念

reliabilityprincipal可信性原则

costprincipal成本原则going-concernconcept持续经营概念

stable-money-unitconcept稳定货币单位的概念

equation等式

owner’sequity投资者权益

financialstatement财政报表

agency机构

incomestatement损益报表

video说明

revenues总收入

incurrent遭受

minus减去

balancesheet资产负债表，决算表

indicate表明，暗示

expenses开支，消费

Text2RecordingBusinessTransaction

Definekeyaccountingterms:

account,ledger,debit,andcredit.Theaccountcanbeviewedintheformoftheletter“T”.TheleftsideofeachT-accountisitsdebitside.Therightsideisitscreditside.Theledger,whichcontainsarecordforeachaccount,groupsandnumbersaccountsbycategoryinthefollowingorder:

assets,liabilities,andowner’sequity（anditssubparts,revenuesandexpenses）.

Applytherulesofdebitandcredit.Assetsandexpensesareincreasedrevenuesareincreasedbycredits.Liabilities,owner’sequity,andrevenuesareincreasedbycreditsanddecreasedbydebits.Theside—debitorcredit—oftheaccountinwhichincreasesarerecordedisthataccount’snormalbalance.Thusthenormalbalanceofassetsandexpensesisadebit,andthenormalbalanceofliabilities,owner’sequity,andrevenuesisacredit.TheWithdrawalsaccount,whichdecreasesowner’sequity,normalhasadebitbalance.Revenues,whichareincreasesinowner’sequity,haveanormalcreditbalance.Expenses,whicharedecreasesinowner’sequity,haveanormaldebitbalance.

Recordtransactionsinthejournal.Theaccountantbeginstherecordingprocessbyenteringthetransaction’sinformationinthejournal,achronologicallistofallthebusiness’stransactions.

Postfromthejournaltotheledger.Theinformationisthenposted-transferred-totheledgeraccounts.Postingreferencesareusedtotraceamountsbackandforthbetweenthejournalandtheledger.Businesseslisttheiraccounttitlesandnumbersinachartofaccounts.

Prepareatrialbalanceisasummaryofalltheaccountbalanceintheledger.Whendouble-entryaccountinghasbeendonecorrectly,thetotalcreditsinthetrialbalanceareequal.

Setupachartofaccountsforabusiness.Thefirststepinaccountingistosetupthechartofaccounts.

Analyzetransactionswithoutajournal.Decisionmakersmustoftenmakedecisionswithoutacompleteaccountingsystem.Theycananalyzethetransactionswithoutajournal.

Wecannowtracetheflowofaccountinginformationthroughthesesteps:

BusinessTransactionSourceDocumentsJournalEntryPostingtoLedgerTrialBalance.

Newwords

ledger分类帐debit记入借方的款项，借方

assets资产liabilities债务

subpart分类chronological按时间顺序的

transfer转移chart图表

accountant会计

Text3MeasuringBusinessIncome:

theAdjustingProcess

Distinguishaccrualbasisaccountingfromcash-basisaccounting.Inaccrual-basisaccounting,businesseventsarerecordedastheyaffecttheentity.Incash-basisaccounting,onlythoseeventsthataffectcasharerecorded.Thecashbasisomitsimportanteventssuchaspurchasesandsalesofassetsonaccount.Italsodistortsthefinancialstatementsbylabelingasexpensesthosecashpaymentsthathavelong-termeffects,suchasthepurchasesofbuildingsandequipment.Somesmallorganizations,usecash-basisaccounting,butthegenerallyacceptedmethodistheaccrualbasis.

Applytherevenueandmatchingprinciples.Businessesdividetimeintodefiniteperiods--suchasamonth,aquarter,andayear--toreporttheentity'sfinancialstatements.Theyearisthebasicaccountingperiod,butcompaniespreparefinancialstatementsasoftenastheyneedthein-formation.Accountantshavedevelopedtherevenueprincipletodeterminewhentorecordrevenueandtheamountofrevenuetorecord.Thematchingprincipleguidestheaccountingforexpenses.

Makeadjustingentriesattheendoftheaccountingperiod.Adjustingentriesarearesultoftheaccrualbasisofaccounting.Theseentries,madeattheendoftheperiod,updatetheaccountsforpreparationofthefinancialstatements.Oneofthemostimportantpiecesofbusinessinformationisnetincomeornetloss,andtheadjustingentrieshelptomeasurethenetincomeoftheperiod.Adjustingentriescanbedividedintofivecategories:

prepaidexpenses,depreciation,accruedexpenses,accruedrevenues,andunearnedrevenues.

Prepareanadjustedtrialbalance.Topreparetheadjustedtrialbalance,entertheadjustingentries.nexttotheunadjustedtrialbalanceandcomputeeachaccount'sbalance.

Preparethefinancialstatementsfromtheadjustedtrialbalance.Theadjustedtrialbalancecanbeusedtopreparethefinancialstatements.Thetherefinancialstatementsarerelatedasfollows:

Income,shownontheincomestatement,increasestheowner'scapital,whichalsoappearsonthestatementofowner'sequity.Theendingbalanceofcapitalisthelastamountreportedonthebalancesheet.

NewWords

accrualn.自然增长,自然增长额

accrual-basisaccounting权责发生制

cash-basisaccounting现金收付制

omitvt.省略，删

distortvt.曲解

labelvt.把……列为

definiteadj.明确的,确切的

accountingperiod结算期

revenueprinciple收益原则

matchingprinciple配比原则

adjustingentries调整分录

updatevt.使现代化

netincome纯收入

prepaidexpenses待摊费用

depreciationn.贬值

accruedexpense应计费用

accruedrevenues应计收入

unaccruedrevenues未实现收入

adjustedtrialbalance经调整过的试算表

unadjustedtrialbalance未经调整过的试算表

Text4CompletingtheAccountingCycle

Prepareanaccountingworksheet,Theaccountingcycleistheprocessbywhichtheaccountantsproducethefinancialstatementsforaspecialperiodoftime.Thecyclestartswiththebeginningaccountbalances.Duringtheperiod，thebusinessjournalizestransactions&poststhemtotheledgeraccounts.Attheendoftheperiod,thetrailbalanceisprepared,andtheaccountsareadjustedinordertomeasuretheperiod’snetincomeornetloss.Completionoftheaccountingcycleisaidedbyuseofaworksheet.Thismulticolumneddocumentsummarizestheeffectsofalltheactivityoftheperiod.

Usetheworksheettocompletetheaccountingcycle.Theworksheetisneitherajournalnoraledgerbutmerelyaconvenientdeviceforcompletingtheaccountingcycle.Ithascolumnsforthetrailbalance,theadjustments,theadjustedtrailbalance,theincomestatement,andthebalancesheet.Itaidstheadjustingprocess,anditistheplacewheretheperiod’snetincomeornetlossisfirstcomputed.Theworksheetalsoprovidesadataforthefinancialstatements&theclosingentries.Itisnot,however,necessity.Theaccountingcyclecanbecompletedfromthelesselaborateadjustedtrailbalance.

Closetherevenue,expense,andthewithdrawalaccounts.Revenue,expenses,andwithdrawalrepresent,increasesanddecreasesinowner’sequityforaspecificperiod.Attheendoftheperiod,theirbalancesareclosedouttozero,and,forthisreason,theyarecalledtemporaryaccounts.Assets,liabilities,andcapitalarenotclosedbecausetheyarethepermanentaccount.Theirbalancesattheendofoneperiodbecomethe