TOFELmoni1.docx

TOFELmoni1.docx

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TOFELmoni1

Mountaineershavenotedthatastheyclimb,forexample,uptothe12,633-footHumphreysPeakintheSanFranciscoPeaksinArizona, plantlifechangesradically.StartingamongthecactioftheSonoranDesert,oneclimbsintoapineforestat7,000feetandatreelessalpinetundraatthesummit.Itmayseemthatplantsatagivenaltitudeareassociatedinwhatcanbecalled“communities”–groupingsofinteractingspecies.Theideaisthatovertime,plantsthatrequireparticularclimateandsoilconditionscometoliveinthesameplaces,andhencearefrequentlytobefoundtogether.Scientistswhostudythehistoryof plantlifeareknownaspaleobotanists,orpaleobotsforshort.Theybuildupapictureofhowgroupsofplantshaverespondedtoclimatechangesandhowecosystemsdevelop.Butaretheseassociations,whicharerealinthepresent,permanent?

       Agreatnaturalexperimenttookplaceonthisplanetbetween25,000and10,000yearsago,whensmallchangesintheearth’sorbitandaxisofrotationcausedgreatsheetsoficetospreadfromthepoles.TheseglacierscoveredmuchofNorthAmericaandEuropetodepthsofuptotwomiles,andthen,astheclimatewarmed,theyretreated.Duringthisretreat,theyleftbehindnewlyuncoveredlandforlivingthingstocolonize,andasthoselivingthingsmovedintheylaiddownarecordwecanreadnow.Astheiceretreatedandplantsstartedtogrownearalake,theywouldreleasepollen.Somewouldfallintothelake,sinktothebottom,andbeincorporatedintothesediment.Bydrillingintothelakebottomitispossibletoreadtherecordof successiveplantlifearoundthelake.Thefossilrecordseemsclear;thereislittleornoevidencethatentiregroupsofplantsmovednorthtogether.Thingsthatlivedtogetherinthepastdon’tlivetogethernow,andthingsthatlivetogethernowdidn’tlivetogetherinthepast.Eachindividualorganismmovedatitsownpace.Thefossilrecordseemstobetellingusthatweshouldbethinkingaboutpreservingspeciesbygivingthemroomtomaneuver–torespondtoenvironmentalchanges.

1. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

（a） Theeffectsoftheiceageonplants

（b） Plantmigrationaftertheiceage

（c） Theneedtodevelopanewapproachtoenvironmentalissues

（d） Communitiesofplantsliveatdifferentaltitudes

2. Theword“radically”inline2isclosestinmeaningto

（a） variably

（b） demonstrably

（c） quickly

（d） dramatically

3. Theauthormentions“cacti”inline3anda”treelessalpinetundra”inline4toillustrate

（a） changesinclimate

（b） theeffectsoftheiceage

（c） communitiesofplants

（d） plantmigration

4. Theword“which”inline10refersto

（a） theresponsesofplantstoclimatechanges

（b） thecurrenttheoriesofecosystems

（c） thedevelopmentsofecosystems

（d） plantlifechanges

5. Theword“axis”inline12isclosestinmeaningto

（a） center

（b） method

（c） change

（d） slowdown

6. Theword“successive”inline19isclosestinmeaningto

（a） extinct

（b） consecutive

（c） accumulative

（d） following

7. Thepassagestatesthatbydrillingintothelakebottomitispossibletofindsuccessivefossilsof:

（a） sediment

（b） ice

（c） plantlife

（d） pollen

8. Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage

（a） –thatthemigratorypatternsofplantsaredependentuponchangesinclimate

（b） –thatmodernconservationmethodsshouldconsiderthemigratorypatternsofplants

（c） –thatcurrentassociationsofplantsaresimilartothoseinthepast

（d） –thatanothericeageislikelytooccuratsometime

9. Accordingtothepassage,themovementofindividualspeciesofplants

（a） occursingroups

（b） oftendependsupontheformationoflakes

（c） doesnotoccuringroups

（d） dependsuponclimateandsoilconditions

10. Allofthefollowingaretrueexcept

（a） Theiceageoccurredwhensmallchangesaffectedthemovementoftheearth

（b） Fossilrecordsseemtoindicatethatplantswillbepreservediftheyhavesufficientroomtomove

（c） Fossilrecordsclearlyshowthatentiregroupsofplantsareunlikelytohavemovedtogether

（d） Intheiceageglacierscoveredtheworldtodepthsofuptotwomiles

Question11-21

       Somepioneeringworkthatbeganasanattempttodiscoverwaystoincreaseproductionefficiencyledtothefoundingofthehumanrelationsmovementinindustryandtothedevelopmentofmotivationalskillsandtoolsformanagers.In1927researcherswereinvolvedindeterminingtheoptimumamountoflighting,temperature,andhumidity（withlightingbeingconsideredthemostimportant）fortheassemblyofelectroniccomponentsatWesternElectric.Theresearchersfoundthatlightinghadnoconsistenteffectonproduction.Infact,productionsometimesincreasedwhenlightingwasreducedtothelevelofordinarymoonlight!

TheimportantpartofthisexperimentbeganwhentwoHarvardresearchers,EltonMayoandFritzRoethlisberger,werebroughtintoinvestigatetheseunexpectedresultsfurther.Theyfoundthatworkerswererespondingnottotheleveloflightingbuttothefactthattheywerebeingobservedbytheexperimenters.

       ThisphenomenoncametobeknownastheHawthorneeffectsincetheexperimentswereconductedattheWesternElectricHawthorneplant.Thiswasthefirstdocumentedandwidelypublishedevidenceofthepsychologicaleffectsondoingwork,anditledtothefirstseriouseffortaimedatexaminingpsychologicalandsocialfactorsintheworkplace.Furtherexperimentswerecontinuedforfiveyears.Generally,theresearchersconcludedfromtheirexperimentsthateconomicmotivation（pay）wasnotthesolesourceofproductivityand,insomecases,noteventhemostimportantsource.Throughinterviewsandtestresults,theresearchersfocusedontheeffectsofworkattitudes,supervision,andthepeergroupandothersocialforces,onproductivity.

        Theirfindingslaidthegroundworkformodernmotivationtheory,andthestudyofhumanfactorsonthejob,whichcontinuestothisdayinsuchcommonpracticesasselectionandtraining,establishingfavorableworkconditions,counseling,andpersonneloperations.Thecontributionsofthisexperimentshiftedthefocusofhumanmotivationfromeconomicstoamultifacetedapproachincludingpsychologicalandsocialforces.

11. Whatisthepassageprimarilyabout?

（a） Thefirstwidelypublisheddevelopmentinmodernmotivationtheory

（b） Shiftingthefocusofhumanmotivationfromeconomicstoamultifacetedapproach

（c） Theimportanceofcarefulresearch

（d） TheresultsofapioneeringstudyatWesternElectric

12. Theword“optimum”inline4isclosestinmeaningto

（a） positive

（b） favorable

（c） best

（d） alternate

13. Themostsignificantfindingoftheoriginalresearchwas

（a） lightinghadnoconsistenteffectonproduction

（b） productionsometimesincreasedwhenlightingwasreducedtothelevelofordinarymoonlight.

（c） thatlightingwasnomoreimportantthantheotherfactorsoftemperatureandhumidity.

（d） theresultswereunexpectedandconfusing.

14. WhydoestheauthorsaythattheimportantpartofthisresearchbeganwhentwoHarvardresearcherswerebroughtin（lines8-9）

（a） Untilthentheresearchhadbeenpoorlyconducted

（b） Theytookamultifacetedapproach

（c） Theresultsoftheoriginalresearchdidnotmakesense

（d） Harvardhasagoodreputationinconductingresearch

15. Theresearchbecameknownasthe“Hawthorneeffect”because

（a） itwasthenameoftheplantwherethestudywasconducted

（b） ItwasthenamesuggestedbytheHarvardresearchers

（c） Itwasthenameoftheprincipalexperimenter

（d） TherewerehawthorneplantsgrowingatWesternElectricwherethestudywasconducted

16. Theword“it”inline14refersto

（a） theexperiment

（b） economicmotivation

（c） theWesternElectricHawthornplant

（d） theHawthorneeffect

17. ItcanbeinferredfromthispassagethattheHawthornestudy

（a） ledtolighting,temperature,andhumiditynolongerbeingconsideredimportantwhenseekingwaystoimproveproduction

（b） Stimulatedfurtherresearchintoworkconditionandworkerbehavior

（c） Ledtopsychologicalfactorsbecomingthemostimportantconsiderationinachievingproductionefficiency

（d） Ledtoeconomicconsiderationsbeinglessimportantinachievingproductivity

18. Partofthereasonforthechangeinfocusfromeconomicstoamoremultifacetedapproachtothepsychologicaleffectsondoingworkwas

（a） duetotherecognitionthatworkersshouldbehappyatworkinordertomaintainhighproductivity

（b） ageneralconclusionthatpaywassometimesnotthemostimportantfactor

（c） becausetheHawthornestudycontinuedforsolong

（d） becausetheworkersrequestedit

19. Accordingtothepassage,itcanbeconcludedthata“multifacetedapproach”tohumanmotivationintheworkplace

（a） excludeseconomics

（b） canleadtogreaterproductivity

（c） excludesphysicalconditions

（d） focusesmainlyonpsychologicalandsocialforces

20. Theword“multifaceted”inline25isclosestinmeaningto

（a） versatile

（b） complex

（c） many-sided

（d） multitude

21. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheHawthornestudy

（a） Itwasthefirstdocumentedevidenceofthepsychologicaleffectsondoingwork

（b） TheHawthornestudycontinuedforfiveyears

（c） Theyfoundthatworkersrespondednottotheleveloflightingbuttothefactthatotherworkconditionswerenotfavorable

（d） Thestudychangedthefocusfromeconomicstoamultifacetedapproach

Question22-31

       Thehandlinganddeliveryofmailhasalwaysbeenaseriousbusiness,underpinnedbythetrustofthepublicinrequiringtimeliness,safety,andconfidentiality.Afterearlybeginningsusinghorsebackandstagecoach,andalthoughcarsandtrucksla