最新 版高考英语 阅读理解专题练习50 3.docx

最新 版高考英语 阅读理解专题练习50 3.docx

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最新版高考英语阅读理解专题练习503

最新版高考英语阅读理解专题练习50

一、高中英语阅读理解

1．（2019•天津）阅读理解

   Howdoesanecosystem（生态系统）work?

Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?

Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?

Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.

   Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（猎物）,thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction（灭绝）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.

   Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.

   Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.

   Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint（临界点）,itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.

（1）Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs？

A. Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.

B. Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.

C. Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.

D. Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.

（2）Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______.

A. hasawidefoodchoice                                    B. caneasilyfindnewprey

C. stickstoonepreyspecies                                

D. canquicklymovetoanotherplace

（3）Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline？

A. Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.

B. Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.

C. Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.

D. Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.

（4）WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4？

A. Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.

B. Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.

C. Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.

D. Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.

（5）Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance？

A. Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.

B. Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.

C. Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.

D. Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.

【答案】

（1）B

（2）C

（3）D

（4）A

（5）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网运营的关键原则。

科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。

该系统将告诉我们何时适应人类活动，这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是关键。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的“Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.”可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。

故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的“Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（猎物），thetwospeciesarestronglylinked”可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。

故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据第三段中的“Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhad,asurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack”可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。

故选D。

（4）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的“Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline”可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。

故选A。

（5）考查细节理解。

根据最后一段中的“Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warmingsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.”可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。

故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

2．阅读理解

   GarbagesortinghasbecomeahotissuearoundChina,especiallyafterShanghaibegancarryingoutaregulationonJuly1.

   Beijing,asaforerunnerinenvironmentalprotection,hasthusbeenexpectedtofollowsuit.Thecapitalofthecountryhaslongbeencampaigningforsortingandrecyclinghouseholdwaste,aspartofitsenvironmentaldriveforsustainablegrowth,localmediareported.

   Thecurrentregulationgivesgarbagesortingresponsibilitiestogovernmentdepartments,propertymanagementgroupsandotherorganizations.Italsogivesrulesforcompanies,outlininghowthey'reresponsibleforwastecollection,transportationandtreatment.Onlyindividualsarenotsubjecttoresponsibilities.

   Thelong-awaitedrevisionwillsoonchangethesituation,"Takingoutthetrashwithoutsortingitproperlywillbeillegal,"saidSunXinjun,directoroftheBeijingCommissionofUrbanManagement.InShanghai,violatorsarenowfinedupto200yuan（$30）fortrash-sortingviolations.ThemaximumfineinBeijingwillnotbelessthanthat,hesaid.

   TheBeijingcitygovernmentfirstsetouttopromotegarbagesortingin2009.Authoritieshavesincecalledoncitizenstosorttheirhouseholdwasteintofourtypes-recyclablewaste,kitchentrash,dangerouswasteandothers-andleaveitinacorrespondingdustbinortrashcan.Blue-coloreddustbinssignifyitemswithinarerecyclable,greenrepresentskitchentrash,redcorrespondstodangerousmaterialsandgreytootherwaste.

   Topromotetheawarenessofgarbagesortingandexpandthebaseofparticipants,authoritieshaveemployedworkerstohelpresidentsonthespot.Withintelligentdevices,thosewhothrowinrecyclablewasteatgivensiteswillberewardedwithbonuspoints,whichcanbeusedtobuydailygoods.Atsomecommunities,therearenocolor-codeddustbins.Instead,ascheduledgarbagecollectionserviceisofferedtohelpimprovetheenvironment.Inothercommunities,workersofferadoor-to-doorservicetocollectrecyclablesorkitchenwaste.

   BeijingEnvironmentalSanitationEngineeringGrouphasbeenpromotingnewgarbagesortingfacilitiessuchasrecyclingcabinetsandsmartkitchenwastetrashcanssince2016,XinhuaNewsAgencyreported.Nearly26,000metrictonsofhouseholdwasteisgeneratedacrossBeijingonadailybasisand29terminalgarbagedisposalfacilitiesareworkingatfullcapacity.Nearly9.3milliontonsofhouseholdwastewasprocessedinthecitylastyear.

（1）Accordingtothepassage,whichdustbinsshouldsomeusedcokecansbethrowninto?

A. Grey-coloreddustbins.                                     B. Red-coloreddustbins.

C. Green-coloreddustbins.                                  

D. Blue-coloreddustbins.

（2）Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat________.

A. newtechnologyhasbeenappliedtohelpdealwithgarbage

B. BeijingcarriedoutamoresevereruleongarbagesortingthanShanghai

C. thechangeofthecurrentregulationhasarousedobjectionamongcitizens

D. theamountofhouseholdwasteinBeijingisfarfromsomethingdisturbing

（3）Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.HowtoSortGarbageinChina

B.TheCurrentRegulationinBeijing

C.GarbageCollectioninBeijing

D.WasteRecyclingProjectCounts

（4）Thepassagecanbesortedas________.

A.abookreview

B.atravelbrochure

C.anenvironmentreport

D.ageographyessay

【答案】

（1）D

（2）A

（3）C

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了垃圾分类在北京的实施情况。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据倒数第三段中的“Blue-coloreddustbinssignifyitemswithinarerecyclable,”可知，蓝色垃圾箱装的是可回收垃圾，而用过的可乐罐属于可回收垃圾，应投入蓝色垃圾箱内，故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据倒数第二段中的“Withintelligentdevices,thosewhothrowinrecyclablewasteatgivensiteswillberewardedwithbonuspoints”可知，有了智能设备，那些将垃圾投入到指定垃圾箱的市民将获得奖励积分，由此可知，新技术已应用于帮助处理垃圾，故选A。

（3）考查主题大意。

通读全文，特别是根据第二段中的“Beijing,asaforerunnerinenvironmentalprotection,hasthusbeenexpectedtofollowsuit.”可知，本文主要介绍了垃圾分类在北京的实施情况，故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。

通读全文可知，本文主要介绍的是垃圾分类在北京的实施情况，这属于环保话题，因此文章可能是一份环境报告，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．阅读理解

   Attheageofseven,whilehisfriendswerespendingpocketmoneyonthingslikecandyandtoys,JoseAdolfowasbusysavingmoneyformoreessentialpurchases.Totrytogethispeerstodothesame,theyoungsterfromArequipa,Perucameupwiththeinnovativeideaofaneco-bank,whichallowskidsofallagestogaineconomicindependence—whilealsohelpingtheenvironment.

   Establishedin2012,theBartselanaStudentBankistheworld'sfirstbankforkids.Toopenanaccount,kidshavetobringinatleast5kilogramsofsolidwaste（paperorplastic）andestablishasavingsgoal.Onceaccepted,allbank"partners"arerequiredtodeposit（存储）atleastoneadditionalki