Preparation and characterization of Electro conductive polymer composites.docx
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PreparationandcharacterizationofElectroconductivepolymercomposites
PreparationandcharacterizationofElectroconductivepolymercomposites
MaxRamosandMiaoYu1257747
AucklandUniversityofTechnology,Auckland,NZ
yyymmm_1988@
Abstract
Whilemostpolymersarethermallyandelectricallyinsulating,thosecontainingdispersedconductivefillershaverecentlyemergedonthemarket.Electricallyconductivecompositeshavefoundpotentialusesasanti-staticlayers,chemicalvaporssensors,andthermalresistorsbecauseoftheirelectricalandmechanicalabilities.Thebalancebetweentheelectricalandmechanicalpropertiesofthiscompositestillundergoeschallenges.Unfortunately,excessiveamountsofcarbonblackcanproducebrittlefilmsandtoolittlecarbonblackcanresultinlowconductivity.Highlyelectricallyconductiveepoxyresincompositeswerepreparedbymixingusingcarbonblackasconductingfillers.Theprimarymethodologiesusedonthisprojectincludeliteratureview,conductivefillerdispersionandcastingmethodforsamplemaking,usemicrocomputercontrolelectronuniversaltestingmachinetotestthemechanicalabilitiesofsampleanduseresistancetestertesttheelectricalconductivity,analysis.Thepercolationtheoryisusedtoexplaintherelationshipbetweenfillercontentandelectricalconductivity.Theaimoftheprojectisusingepoxyresinandcarbonblackasrawmaterialstoproduceconductivecompositeusingcarbonblackasconductivefillers,studyandexplorethemechanicalabilitiesandelectricalconductivityofconductivecomposite.Differentcarbonblackloadingwillbeusedtodeterminepercolationthreshold.
Kewwords:
conductivecomposite,epoxyresin,carbonblack,polymer.
1.Introduction
Overthepastfewdecades,withthedevelopmentofpolymercomposites,ithasattractedagreatattention.Alargenumberofresearcheshavebeendonetoproduceorganicmaterialswithgoodengineeringpropertieswhicharealsoelectricallyconductive[1].Inrecentyears,withthedevelopmentoffunctionalmaterials,polymercomposites,achievedsignificantsuccessinmanyapplicationareasuchasbatterycomponents,antistaticshields,circuitrycomponents,andelectromagneticradiationabsorbers[2][12].Sincethe1970s,ateamledbyVoetandKostfirststudiedtheforce-electricityperformanceofcarbonblackfilledrubber.Later,theresearchersanalyzedandreportedforce-electricityperformanceofcarbonblackfilledethylene,octene,tetrachloroethylenecopolymercompositematerials[2][3][4].Carbonblackasakindofnanoscaledimensionsparticles,duetothelargesurfacearea,surfaceenergyandirregularchainstructure,easytoaggregateinpolymer,greatlyinfluencetheperformanceofthecarbonblack-polymercomposites.Recently,theinfluenceofcarbonblack-polymercompositematerialsmechanicabilitiesandelectricallyconductiveabilitiesbycarbonblackdispersionhasbeenextensiveresearch.Forblackcarboncompositematerials,epoxyresin,onlyplayssupportingthecarrierrole,carbonblackplaysconductiverole.Carbonblackisakindofgranularindustrycarbon;particlediameterisbetween14nm-300nm.Itisakindofcommonfillingmaterial.Highconductivecarbonblackisakindofshellstructureofgraphite;theconstitutivepropertyisveryhigh,easilypenetratingtoeachotherstretchedintochains.Although,theparticlesarespherical,itsbasicstructureissimilartorandomdistributionoffiberconductionsystem,thevolumeresistivityisabout0.1Ω*cm-1Ω*cm.Theoretically,thesmallercarbonblackparticlesizeis,thegreaterthesurfacearea,thehighertheconstitutiveproperty,thehigherelectricalconductivityitis.However,consideringtheactualmachiningofcarbonblackfilledresin,inordertogetagoodelectricalconductivity,carbonblackparticlesizeshouldnotbetoosmall,constitutivepropertyshouldnotbetoohigh[4].
Epoxyresinsarecreatedbytransformingliquidpolyethersintoinfusiblesolidsthroughaspecialcuringprocess.Inmostcases,resinsaretheresultofachemicalreactionbetweenepichlorohydrinandbisphenol-A.Anepoxyresinisdefinedasamoleculewithmorethanoneepoxygroup,whichcanbehardenedintoausableplastic.Theepoxygroup,whichisalsocalledtheglycidylgroup,hasthroughitscharacteristicappearancegiventhenametoepoxy[14].
Epoxygroup:
Epoxyresinhasthecharacteristicsofexcellentcakingproperty,mechanicalpropertiesandcorrosionresistance;alsoeasytoprocessingmolding,lowcost;soitiswidelyusedinplastics,coatings,electricalmaterials,lampencapsulationmaterialsandadhesivesindustry[14].
Therehavebeenprimarilytwoapproachestoproducingconductiveorganicmaterials.Theseare:
1,Preparationofhighlyconjugatedpolymerssuchaspoly-acetyleneand2,Dispersionofconductivefillerparticlesintocommonpolymersandresins[15][16].
Carbonblack-Epoxyresincompositesisrepresentativeofthermosettingresinmatrixcomposite,becauseithasadvantagesofsimpleprocessing,goodheatresistanceandhighstability,canbewidelyusedinoptoelectronicdevices,electromagneticshielding,antistaticmaterialsandconductiveadhesive.
Inthisproject,thematerialsusesare105EPOXYRESIN,CARBONBLACKandZ296EPOXYHARDERER,throughthemethodofdispersingdifferentproportionsofcarbonblack,studyandanalyzehowcarbonblackinfluencethemechanicabilitiesandelectricallyconductiveabilitiesofcarbonblack-epoxyresinelectricallyconductivecomposites,preparedandgatherexperienceforfurtherstudies.
2.Experimentalprocedures
2.1Rawmaterialsprepare
Inthisprojectthematerialsuseare105EPOXYRESIN,CARBONBLACKandZ206EPOXYHARDERER.
Fig2.1105EPOXYRESIN
Fig2.2Z206EPOXYHARDERER
2.2Calculation
Inordertogetagoodresult,thecarbonblackcontentisdividedinto0%,0.1%,0.2%,1%,2%,and10%.Theweightofrawmaterialsis20gramsof105EPOXYRESINand10gramsofZ206EPOXYHARDERER.Forthisreason,calculatetheweightofcarbonblack.
0%:
0gramofcarbonblack.
0.1%:
0.03003gramofcarbonblack.
0.5%:
0.15075gramofcarbonblack.
1%:
0.30303gramofcarbonblack.
2%:
0.61224gramofcarbonblack.
10%:
3.33333gramofcarbonblack.
2.3Mixingandcasting
UsemetalmixermixingEPOXYRESINandCARBONBLACKinaglasscontainerforanhour.Then,addstheEPOXYHARDERER,usewoodsticksmixingthemforawhile.Thenputitintothemoldmakebywax,letittobecometheshapeweneed.
Fig2.3Waxmoldandthesample
Fig2.4Sample
2.4Mechanicalabilitiestest
Afterthesamplebecomehard,useVernierCaliperusetomeasurethethicknessandwidthofeachsample.Then,usemicrocomputercontrolelectronuniversaltestingmachinetogettheStrain-Forcecurveforeachsample.Force:
50000N,Testspeed:
3mm/min.
Fig2.5Testingmachine
Fig2.6Testingmachine
Fig2.7Testingmachine
Fig2.80%ofCarbonblack
Fig2.90.1%ofCarbonblack
Fig2.100.5%ofCarbonblack
Fig2.111%ofCarbonblack
Fig2.122%ofCarbonblack
Fig2.1310%ofCarbonblack
2.5Electricalconductivitytest
Useresistancetestertotesttheresistanceofeachsample.
3.Resultsanddiscussion
3.1Calculation.
AccordingtoEquation:
E=stress/strain,stress=F/A,strain=△L/L,and
Wt%
0%
0.1%
0.5%
1%
2%
10%
Width(m)
0.0064
0.0061
0.0061
0.0063
0.0062
0.0052
Thickness(m)
0.00184
0.003
0.0046
0.0049
0.0045
0.0031
Length(mm)
30
30
30
30
30
30
Table3.1
Wt%
0%
0.1%
0.5%
1%
2%
10%
Crosssectionalarea(㎡)
1.18*10-5
1.83*10-5
2.8*10-5
3.09*10-5
2.8*10-5
1.6*10-5
Load(N)
15
17
35
25
8
2
Stress(N/m2)
1271186
928961
1250000
809061
285714
125000
Strain(mm/mm)
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
Elasticmodulus(Gpa)
0.63
0.44
0.62
0.42
0.14
0.063
Table3.2
AccordingtoEc(u)=EmVm+EpVp,Ec(l)=EpEm/(EpVm+EmVp),Em(CB)=0.63GpaandEp(EpoxyResin)=250Gpa.
Wt%
100%
80%
70%
60%
40%
30%
20%
0%
Ec(u)(Gpa)
250.000
200.126
175.189
150.252
100.378
75.441
50.504
0.630
Ec(l)(Gpa)
250.000
3.119
2.088
1.569
1.048
0.899
0.787
0.630
Table3.3
AccordingtoTable3.3,
Fig3.1.
3.2Resultsanalyze.
3.2.1Theinfluenceofdifferentpercentageofcarbonblackonthemechanicalproperties.
AccordingtoTable3.1,
Wt%
0%
0.1%
0.5%
1%
2%
10%
Stress(N/m2)
1271186
928961
1250000
809061
285714
125000
Fig3.2
Wt%
0%
0.1%
0.5%
1%
2%
10%
Elasticmodulus(Gpa)
0.63
0.44
0.62
0.42
0.14
0.063
Fig3.3
Accordingtotextbook,becauseoftheadditionofcarbonblack,itcanproduceNano-metereffectincertainscope,thenanoparticlechainofcarbonblackuniformdispersionintotheepoxyresin,toenhancetheinterfaceadhesionofcarbonblackandepoxyresin,helpthestresstransmissionandbeartheload.Inaddition,thecarbonblackparticlechainhascertainelasticity,whenexogenousprocess,itcanabsorbenergyandenhancethetoughness.Withtheincreaseofcarbonblack,thetensilestrength,elongation,impactstrengthandbendingstrengthofcompositematerialsincreasegradually.Buttoomuchcarbonblack,leadtotheincreaseofviscosityofthesystem,carbonblackishardlyhomodisperseandmaybeduetodefectsresultingfromtheincreaseofporespace,thereforemakesperformancedegradation.
Fig3.2andFig3.3showstheresultofthisproject.Forstressandelasticmodulus,withtheadditionofcarbonblack,itsharplydecreased,andthensharplyincreased,afterthis,sharplydecreasedagain,atlast,slightlydecreased.Obviously,itisnotinconformitywiththetheoreticalresults.Whathappened?
Themainproblemmightbewiththeaddition