写作教程1.docx

写作教程1.docx

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写作教程1

Unit1TheCorrectWord

1Denotationandconnotation

1）Denotation:

refertotheliteralandprimarymeaning

2）Connotation:

refertoimpliedmeaning.whenwewrite,wehavetowatchoutfortheconnotativemeaningofaword;otherwise,wemaymakesillymistakes

3）Instance

word

gold

moon

ice

Blood

Denotation

A．preciousmetal

Thenaturalbodythatmovesaroundtheearth

Waterfrozensothatithasbecomesolid

Theredliquidinbody

connotation

wealthy

Barren;Tran，quality

Coldness,indifference,cruelty,death

Fightingfamilybackground

2attitude

Theselectionofawordoftenrevealshowyoufeelaboutyoursubject,whetheryouarepleased,angry,criticaloradmiring.

WhenwewriteinEnglish,wehavetobecarefulwithsuchemotionallyloadedword—wordsthatcanrevealthewriter’sattitude.

1）commendatory/positive（褒义）

2）derogatory/pejorative（贬义）

3）neutral（中性）

favorable

neutral

unfavorable

unique

strange

Freak/bivalve

Persistent

stubborn

Pigheaded

compliment

praise

Flatter

Seniorcitizen

Oldperson

fossil

3collocation

Thereareseveraltypesofcollocation

Verb+noneeg:

followthefashion

Adjective+noneeg:

abrilliantsuccess

Verb+adverbeg:

thinkalike

Proportion+noneeg:

forexample

Verb+proportioneg:

thinkof

4Falsefriends

Example

Advisevs.adviceangelvs.angle

Affectvs.effectcapitalvs.capitol

Complementvs.complimentconsciousvs.conscience

Grammar

Subject-verbagreement

Grammaragreement,notionalagreement,andtheprincipleofproximity

Whenthesubjectiscompound（proximityeg:

neithernor;notonlybutalso;.就远原则alongwith;togetherwith）

Whenthesubjectexpressesquantity（makesurewhetheritiswholeorpart）

Whenthesubjectisarelativepronoun,awhat-clause,orinthethere-bestructurerequiresingular

Anybodyanyone,each,everybody,nobody,noonerequiresingular

Unit2TheAppropriate

1Formalandgeneral

1）Formal:

usedbyeducatedpeopleinformalcontextssuchasthesiswriting,officialnewsreleases,andformalannouncement.

2）General:

usedforeverydaycommunication

Rule:

usinggeneralwordsinmostcasesandformalwordinspecific,formalcontexts.

2Colloquialandslang

Usedinaconversationorinordertoachieveaconversationaleffect.

Like:

abbreviationsandcontraction

Toomuchslangcanmakeapassagelooseandunserious;somemayevensoundodd.

3Styleandaudience

Differentstylesareusedtoaddressdifferentaudiencesanddifferentoccasions

4Chinglish

1）avoidliteraltranslation

方便面instantneedle大片blockbuster

牵头产品knockoutproduct买一赠一buyonegetonefree

2）grasptheconnotation

3）avoidrepetitionofmeaning

大家一致合为一体新的世界纪录

Unit3TheBetterWord

Conciseness（简明）

Redundancyisnotalwayseasytospot.thebestwayistoproofreadyourwritingcarefullyandtrytofindwords,phrasesorevensentencesthatarenotessential

Like:

youknow;Really;Ithink

Xianminghighschoolhasafacultyofteacherswhodotheirjobswell

Preciseness

Thesuccessofyourwritingalsodepends,alargeextent,onthepreciseness（严谨）ofyoulanguage.

Like:

Katesaidshehadanawfultimeatthehomecomingparty

Awfulistoogeneral,replacedwithboring

Grammar

Modifiers:

enrichingthemeaningofsentences

Adjectivesadverbsdifferentformsofverbsandnounswhichcanbeusedasadjectives.

-Ingand-edformofverbs

a）the–ingformofaverbisusedwhentheactiondescribedbytheverbcontinuestohappenorrelationshipisactive

b）the–ed;actioniscompletedatthetimeorrelationshipispassive

nonus

misunderstandingwouldbemadeifweusetoomuchnone

adverbs

modifyingverb（after）,adjective（before）,adverb（before）,orwhoresentence（beginningorending）

rules:

avoidinguselessmodifiers

puttingascloseaspossibletotheverborphrasebeingmodified

Unit4SentenceBase

subject

noun,pronoun,-ing,clause,-ed,to,numeralest.

Suffixes:

ing,tion,ity,ment,ness

Positionofthesubject

Beginning:

directly

Middle

Ending:

passive

Voice

Whenthesubjectacts,theverbistheactivevoice;whenthesubjectisactedupon,theverbisinthepassivevoice.

Activevoicestressestheactivityofthesubjectandhelptomakeasentencedirectconcise,andvigorous.（有力）

Passivevoicewhentheagentisunknownimportant

Followedbylongmodifier

Unit5ExpandedSentenceBase

Attributes

Wordorphrasesusedtonarrowdownordescribenounsarecalledattributes

Whatcanbeusedasattributes:

determiners（threecategoriesofwords:

articles,possessiveanddemonstrativepronouns,andcardinalandordinalnumerals）,adjective,nouns,-ingform,-edform,infinitives（mustbeplacedafterthenoun）,prepositionalphrases.

Relativeclauses

Attributiveclausesisasentencethatmodifynoun

Rule:

theideainthemainclauseismoreimportantthanintherelativeclause.Wecandirectreaders’attentiontoideasinthemainclause.

Antecedent

wheretheantecedentreferstoathing（that/which）

person（who/whom）

time（when/inwhich）

place（where/atwhich）

cause（why）

manner（inwhich）

grammar

incompletesentence

A.phrasefragmentB.fragmentwithoutasubject

C.fragmentwithoutanauxiliaryverb

D.subordinateclausefragment

Determinersandadjective（美小圆旧黄，法国旧书房）

Unit6ExpandedSentenceBase

Participle

Ifthenouncarriesouttheaction,itisthelogicalsubjectoftheverb,presentparticiple

Ifthenounreceivestheaction,itisthelogicalobjectoftheverb,pastparticiple.

Participleswithconjunctions

Time:

when,while

Concession:

though,although,evenif,ect.

Condition:

if

Functions

A.creatingconcisesentences

B.producingmoredetailedsentences

C.establishingclearerlogic

absoluteconstruction（独立主格）

function

A．addingdescriptivedetails

B．indicatingcause-effectrelationships

comma-splitsentences

usingacommatoconnecttwoseparateidea,ortwoindependentsentences

Unit7JoiningSentencesTogether

（1）

coordinatestructures

a.basiccoordinateformula:

twosimilaritemsjoinedbyaword.Wordusedtojointhetwoitemsiscalledcoordinator

b.coordinationcanbeusedtojoinwords,phrases,clauses,andsentence.

c.coordinationwithdifferenttypesofcoordinators

（1）singlecoordinator:

and,but,or.

（2）Pairedcoordinator:

either…or,neither…nor,assoonas,as…as

（3）Serialcoordination:

thesentencehavethree,orevenmore,itemsinonecoordinateconstruction.Asseveralitemsarearrangedtogether,wecallthiscoordinationinseries.A,B,coordinationC

Coordinationatthesentencelevel

Compoundsentenceistwoormoresentencearejoinedintoonewithcoordinator.

Functionsofcoordinatesentences

Whenmorethanoneideaisinvolvedinonesentence,oneofthewaytoclarifytherelationshipbetweenclausesistousecoordination,whichassignsequalweighttotheideas.

Advancedusagesofcoordinatesentence

A.repetitionorabsenceofcoordinators

B.semicolons

C.interruptedcoordination

Unit8JoiningSentencesTogether

（2）

subordination

subordinationvs.coordination

thesentenceconsistoftwoclause.Oneexpressescompleteideaandcanstandaloneasasentence,buttheotherexpressesanincompleteideaandcannotbeusedalone.Besides,awordisusedtoconnectthesetwoclausesandindicatetheirrelationship.thissentencescallsubordinatesentence,andwordcalledsubordinator

typeofsubordination

A.nominalclauses

B.relativeclauses

C.adverbialclauses

functionofsubordination

A.moreinformation

B.emphasis

effectiveuseofsubordination

A,positionofthesubordinateclauseB.simplifiedsubordination

Grammar

Misplacedmodifiersdanglingmodifiers

Unit9SentenceVariety

Waystoachievesentencevariety

Byvaryingthelength

Shortsentence:

emphatic,andsuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas

Longsentence:

capableofexpressingcomplexidea,andthedescribethingswithmanydetails

Byvaryingthepattern

Declarative;interrogative;imperative;exclamatory;

Compound;simple;complex;compound-complex

Byvaryingtheemphasis

Position;emphaticstructure（what…is;thereare…who;itis…that;doverb;passivevoice）

Byvaryingthebeginner

SubjectNoun;pronoun;numerals;infinitives;ing;clause

Adverbial-ly;propositionalphrase;adj./adv.phrases

Grammar

Unit10Punctuation

Comma

1.joinshortandcloselyrelatedparallelsentences

2.inacompoundsentencebeforetheconjunctionorconnective（and,but,or,for,so,nor,yet）

3.afteranadverbialclauseorphrasebeforethesubjectofthesentence

4.nonrestrictiveclause（非限定性从句）andphrasesaresetoffbycommas

massetoffparenthetical（插入语）elements

6.useacommawithquotationmarktoshowwhatsomeonehassaiddirectly

7.inthedatemay24,1988

8.状语从句

Semicolons

1useasemicolonbetweenindependentclausesnotjoinedbyacoordinatingconjunction

2.usesemicolonstoseparatemostclausearrangedintheformofseries.Thereormoreshortindependentclausesinaseriescanbeseparatedbycommas

3.Whentheclausehaveinternalpunctuation,thesemicolonisusedwithconjunction

4.twocoordinateclausenotlinkedbyaconjunction

5.beforehowever,therefore,hence,nevertheless,moreover,ect.

Period

Endasentence

Useaperiodaftercertainabbreviation（缩写）

Colon

1.usingacolontointroduceanexplanation,asummary,anappositive（同位语）oralistofthing

2.itisusedaftercompletestatementwhenitintroducealist

quotationmark

1.period,comma,colon,semicolonbeusedinner

2.ifthedash,questionmark,exclamationmark,arerelevanttothequotation,theycanbeputininnerquotationmark;vice-versa.