写作教程1.docx

1、写作教程1Unit1 The Correct Word1 Denotation and connotation 1) Denotation : refer to the literal and primary meaning 2) Connotation : refer to implied meaning .when we write, we have to watch out for the connotative meaning of a word; otherwise, we may make silly mistakes3) InstancewordgoldmooniceBloodD

2、enotationAprecious metalThe natural body that moves around the earthWater frozen so that it has become solidThe red liquid in bodyconnotationwealthyBarren ;Tran，qualityColdness ,indifference, cruelty, deathFighting family background2 attitude The selection of a word often reveals how you feel about

3、your subject, whether you are pleased, angry, critical or admiring.When we write in English, we have to be careful with such emotionally loaded wordwords that can reveal the writers attitude.1)commendatory / positive (褒义)2)derogatory /pejorative (贬义)3）neutral (中性)favorableneutralunfavorableuniquestr

4、angeFreak/bivalvePersistentstubbornPigheadedcomplimentpraiseFlatterSenior citizenOld personfossil3 collocationThere are several types of collocationVerb +none eg: follow the fashionAdjective +none eg: a brilliant successVerb+ adverb eg: think alikeProportion +none eg: for exampleVerb+ proportion eg:

5、 think of4 False friendsExampleAdvise vs. advice angel vs. angleAffect vs. effect capital vs. capitolComplement vs. compliment conscious vs. conscience GrammarSubject-verb agreement Grammar agreement ,notional agreement, and the principle of proximityWhen the subject is compound (proximity eg: neith

6、er nor ; not only but also;. 就远原则 along with ; together with) When the subject expresses quantity ( make sure whether it is whole or part )When the subject is a relative pronoun, a what-clause, or in the there-be structure require singular Anybody anyone ,each, everybody, nobody, no one require sing

7、ular Unit2 The Appropriate1 Formal and general1) Formal: used by educated people in formal contexts such as thesis writing , official news releases, and formal announcement.2) General: used for everyday communicationRule: using general words in most cases and formal word in specific, formal contexts

8、. 2 Colloquial and slang Used in a conversation or in order to achieve a conversational effect.Like : abbreviations and contraction Too much slang can make a passage loose and unserious ; some may even sound odd.3 Style and audience Different styles are used to address different audiences and differ

9、ent occasions4 Chinglish1)avoid literal translation方便面 instantneedle 大片 blockbuster牵头产品 knockout product 买一赠一 buy one get one free 2)grasp the connotation3)avoid repetition of meaning 大家一致 合为一体 新的世界纪录 Unit3 The Better WordConciseness （简明）Redundancy is not always easy to spot. the best way is to proo

10、fread your writing carefully and try to find words, phrases or even sentences that are not essentialLike: you know ;Really; I think Xianming high school has a faculty of teachers who do their jobs wellPrecisenessThe success of your writing also depends ,a large extent, on the preciseness (严谨)of you

11、language . Like: Kate said she had an awful time at the homecoming party Awful is too general , replaced with boringGrammar Modifiers :enriching the meaning of sentences Adjectives adverbs different forms of verbs and nouns which can be used as adjectives .-Ing and -ed form of verbs a) the ing form

12、of a verb is used when the action described by the verb continues to happen or relationship is active b) the ed ;action is completed at the time or relationship is passivenonusmisunderstanding would be made if we use too much noneadverbsmodifying verb(after) ,adjective(before) , adverb(before) ,or w

13、hore sentence(beginning or ending)rules :avoiding useless modifiers putting as close as possible to the verb or phrase being modifiedUnit4 Sentence Basesubjectnoun ,pronoun ,- ing ,clause, -ed , to , numeral est.Suffixes : ing ,tion ,ity ,ment ,nessPosition of the subject Beginning : directlyMiddleE

14、nding :passiveVoiceWhen the subject acts, the verb is the active voice; when the subject is acted upon ,the verb is in the passive voice .Active voice stresses the activity of the subject and help to make a sentence direct concise , and vigorous.(有力)Passive voice when the agent is unknown important

15、Followed by long modifierUnit 5 Expanded Sentence BaseAttributes Word or phrases used to narrow down or describe nouns are called attributesWhat can be used as attributes : determiners (three categories of words :articles, possessive and demonstrative pronouns, and cardinal and ordinal numerals), ad

16、jective ,nouns, - ing form ,- ed form, infinitives (must be placed after the noun ), prepositional phrases.Relative clausesAttributive clauses is a sentence that modify nounRule: the idea in the main clause is more important than in the relative clause. We can direct readers attention to ideas in th

17、e main clause.Antecedent where the antecedent refers to a thing (that/which) person ( who/whom ) time (when/in which) place (where/at which) cause (why) manner (in which)grammarincomplete sentenceA. phrase fragment B. fragment without a subject C. fragment without an auxiliary verbD. subordinate cla

18、use fragment Determiners and adjective (美小圆旧黄，法国旧书房)Unit6 Expanded Sentence Base ParticipleIf the noun carries out the action ,it is the logical subject of the verb ,present participleIf the noun receives the action, it is the logical object of the verb, past participle.Participles with conjunctions

19、 Time: when, whileConcession: though ,although , even if , ect.Condition: if Functions A.creating concise sentencesB.producing more detailed sentencesC.establishing clearer logicabsolute construction (独立主格)functionAadding descriptive detailsBindicating cause-effect relationshipscomma-split sentences

20、 using a comma to connect two separate idea, or two independent sentences Unit 7 Joining Sentences Together (1)coordinate structuresa.basic coordinate formula :two similar items joined by a word. Word used to join the two items is called coordinatorb.coordination can be used to join words, phrases,

21、clauses, and sentence .c.coordination with different types of coordinators (1)single coordinator :and , but ,or.(2)Paired coordinator: eitheror, neithernor, as soon as, asas(3)Serial coordination: the sentence have three, or even more, items in one coordinate construction. As several items are arran

22、ged together, we call this coordination in series. A, B, coordination CCoordination at the sentence levelCompound sentence is two or more sentence are joined into one with coordinator.Functions of coordinate sentencesWhen more than one idea is involved in one sentence ,one of the way to clarify the

23、relationship between clauses is to use coordination, which assigns equal weight to the ideas.Advanced usages of coordinate sentence A.repetition or absence of coordinatorsB.semicolons C.interrupted coordination Unit 8 Joining Sentences Together (2)subordinationsubordination vs. coordinationthe sente

24、nce consist of two clause. One expresses complete idea and can stand alone as a sentence, but the other expresses an incomplete idea and cannot be used alone. Besides, a word is used to connect these two clauses and indicate their relationship .this sentences call subordinate sentence, and word call

25、ed subordinatortype of subordination A.nominal clausesB.relative clausesC.adverbial clausesfunction of subordinationA.more informationB.emphasis effective use of subordinationA, position of the subordinate clause B. simplified subordinationGrammar Misplaced modifiers dangling modifiers Unit 9 Senten

26、ce VarietyWays to achieve sentence varietyBy varying the lengthShort sentence: emphatic, and suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideasLong sentence: capable of expressing complex idea ,and the describe things with many details By varying the patternDeclarative ; interrogative; imper

27、ative; exclamatory;Compound; simple; complex; compound-complexBy varying the emphasisPosition; emphatic structure(what is; there arewho; it isthat; do verb; passive voice)By varying the beginnerSubject Noun; pronoun; numerals; infinitives; ing; clauseAdverbial -ly; propositional phrase; adj./adv. ph

28、rasesGrammar Unit 10 PunctuationComma1.join short and closely related parallel sentences 2.in a compound sentence before the conjunction or connective (and ,but ,or ,for ,so, nor, yet)3.after an adverbial clause or phrase before the subject of the sentence4.nonrestrictive clause(非限定性从句) and phrases

29、are set off by commasmas set off parenthetical(插入语) elements6.use a comma with quotation mark to show what someone has said directly7.in the date may24,1988 8.状语从句Semicolons1 use a semicolon between independent clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction 2. use semicolons to separate most claus

30、e arranged in the form of series. There or more short independent clauses in a series can be separated by commas 3.When the clause have internal punctuation, the semicolon is used with conjunction4. two coordinate clause not linked by a conjunction5. before however , therefore, hence, nevertheless,

31、moreover, ect.Period End a sentence Use a period after certain abbreviation(缩写)Colon1.using a colon to introduce an explanation , a summary , an appositive(同位语) or a list of thing2.it is used after complete statement when it introduce a list quotation mark 1.period ,comma, colon , semicolon be used inner 2.if the dash, question mark, exclamation mark, are relevant to the quotation ,they can be put in inner quotation mark ;vice-versa.