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化学化工专业英语.docx

化学化工专业英语

Table1NamesofSomeCommonElements

Symbol

Name

Symbol

Name

Symbol

Name

Silver

Cobalt

Nickel

Aluminium

Chromium

Oxygen

Arsenic

Copper

Phosphorus

gold

Fluorine

Lead

boron

Iron

Palladium

Barium

Hydrogen

Platinum

Bismuth

Mercury

Sulfur

Bromine

Iiodine

Selenium

Carbon

Potassium

Silicon

Calcium

Magnesium

Tin

Cadmium

Manganese

Titanium

Cerium

Nitrogen

Uranium

Chlorine

Sodium

Zinc

NamingMetalOxides,BasesandSalts

Acompoundisacombinationofpositiveandnegativeionsintheproperratiotogiveabalancedchargeandthenameofthecompoundfollowsfromnamesoftheions,forexample,NaCl,issodiumchloride;Al（OH）3isaluminiumhydroxide;FeBr2isiron（II）bromideorferrousbromide;Ca（OAc）2iscalciumacetate;Cr2（SO4）3ischromium（III）sulphateorchromicsulphate,andsoon.Table3givessomeexamplesofthenamingofmetalcompounds.ThenameofthenegativeionwillneedtobeobtainedfromTable2.

Table2 SomeCommonNegativeIons　

Name

Symbol

Name

Symbol

Nitrate

NO3-

Nitrite

NO2-

Carbonate

CO32-

Sulphite

SO32-

Sulphate

SO42-

Phosphite

PO33-

Phosphate

PO43-

Arsenite

AsO33-

Hydrogensulphate

HSO4-

Hydrogensulphite

HSO3-

Hydrogencarbonate

HCO3-

Hypo-chlorite

ClO-

Arsenate

AsO43-

Cyanide

CN-

Iodate

IO3-

Iodide

I-

Chlorate

ClO3-

Fluoride

F-

Chromate

CrO4-

Chloride

Cl-

Dichromate

Cr2O72-

Bromide

Br-

Perchlorate

ClO4-

Sulphide

S2-

Permanganate

MnO4-

Oxide

O2-

Acetate

OAc-

Hydride

H-

Oxalate

C2O42-

Hydroxide

OH-

Table3 NamesofSomeMetalOxides,BasesandSalts

Formula

Name

FeO

iron（II）oxide

ferrousoxide

Fe2O3

iron（III）oxide

ferricoxide

Sn（OH）2

tin（II）hydroxide

Stannoushydroxide

Sn（OH）4

tin（IV）hydroxide

stannichydroxide

Hg2SO4

mercury（I）sulphate

Mercuroussulphate

HgSO4

mercury（II）sulphate

Mercuricsulphate

NaClO

sodiumhypochlorite

K2Cr2O7

Potassiumdichromate

Cu3（AsO4）2

copper（II）arsenate

cupricarsenate

Cr（OAc）3

Chromium（III）acetate

Chromicacetate

Negativeions,anions,maybemonatomicorpolyatomic.Allmonatomicanionshavenamesendingwith-ide.Twopolyatomicanionswhichalsohavenamesendingwith-idearethehydroxideion,OH-,andthecyanideion,CN-.

Manypolyatomicanionscontainoxygeninadditiontoanotherelement.Thenumberofoxygenatomsinsuchoxyanionsisdenotedbytheuseofthesuffixes-iteand-ate,meaningfewerandmoreoxygenatoms,respectively.Incaseswhereitisnecessarytodenotemorethantwooxyanionsofthesameelement,theprefixeshypo-andper-,meaningstillfewerandstillmoreoxygenatoms,respectively,maybeused,forexample,

hypochlorite ClO-

Chlorite ClO2-

chlorate ClO3-

perchlorate ClO4-

NamingNonmetalOxides

TheoldersystemofnamingandonestillwidelyusedemploysGreekprefixesforboththenumberofoxygenatomsandthatoftheotherelementinthecompound2.Theprefixesusedare

（1）mono-,sometimesreducedtomon-,

（2）di-,（3）tri-,（4）tetra-,（5）penta-,（6）hexa-,（7）hepta-,（8）octa-,（9）nona-and（10）deca-.Generallytheletteraisomittedfromtheprefix（fromtetraon）whennaminganonmetaloxideandoftenmono-isomittedfromthenamealtogether.

TheStocksystemisalsousedwithnonmetaloxides.HeretheRomannumeralreferstotheoxidationstateoftheelementotherthanoxygen.

Ineithersystem,theelementotherthanoxygenisnamedfirst,thefullnamebeingused,followedbyoxide3.Table4showssomeexamples.

Table4NamesofSomeNonmetalOxides

Formula

Name

carbon（II）oxide

Carbonmonoxide

CO2

carbon（IV）oxide

Carbondioxide

SO3

sulphur（VI）oxide

Sulphurtrioxide

N2O3

nitrogen（III）oxide

Dinitrogentrioxide

P2O5

Phosphorus（V）oxide

Diphosphoruspentoxide

Cl2O7

chlorine（VII）oxide

Dichlorineheptoxide

NamingAcids

AcidnamesmaybeobtaineddirectlyfromaknowledgeofTable2bychangingthenameoftheacidion（thenegativeion）intheTable2asfollows:

TheIoninTable2

CorrespondingAcid

-ate

-ic

-ite

-ous

-ide

-ic

Examplesare:

AcidIon

Acid

acetate

aceticacid

perchlorate

perchloricacid

bromide

hydrobromicacid

cyanide

hydrocyanicacid

Thereareafewcaseswherethenameoftheacidischangedslightlyfromthatoftheacidradical;forexample,H2SO4issulphuricacidratherthansulphicacid.Similarly,H3PO4isphosphoricacidratherthanphosphicacid.

NamingAcidandBasicSaltandMixedSalts

Asaltcontainingacidichydrogenistermedanacidsalt.AwayofnamingthesesaltsistocallNa2HPO4disodiumhydrogenphosphateandNaH2PO4sodiumdihydrogenphosphate.Historically,theprefixbi-hasbeenusedinnamingsomeacidsalts;inindustry,forexample,NaHCO3iscalledsodiumbicarbonateandCa（HSO3）2calciumbisulphite.Bi（OH）2NO3,abasicsalt,wouldbecalledbismuthdihydroxynitrate.NaKSO4,amixedsalt,wouldbecalledsodiumpotassiumsulphate.

3 NOMENCLATUREOFORGANICCOMPOUNDS

Acompletediscussionofdefinitiverulesoforganicnomenclaturewouldrequiremorespacethancanbeallottedinthistext.Wewillsurveysomeofthemorecommonnomenclaturerules,bothIUPACandtrivial.

Alkanes

Thenamesforthefirsttwentycontinuous-chainalkanesarelistedinTable1.

Table1 Namesofcontinuous-chainalkanes　

CH4

Methane

C11H24

undecane

C2H6

Ethane

C12H26

dodecane

C3H8

Propane

C13H28

tridecane

C4H10

Butane

C14H30

tetradecane

C5H12

Pentane

C15H32

pentadecane

C6H14

Hexane

C16H34

hexadecane

C7H16

Heptane

C17H36

Heptadecane

C8H18

Octane

C18H38

Octadecane

C9H20

Nonane

C19H40

Nonadecane

C10H22

Decane

C20H42

Eicosane

AlkenesandAlkynes

UnbranchedhydrocarbonshavingonedoublebondarenamedintheIUPACsystembyreplacingtheending-aneofthealkanenamewith-ene.Iftherearetwoormoredoublebonds,theendingis-adiene,-atriene,etc.

Unbranchedhydrocarbonshavingonetriplebondarenamedbyreplacingtheending-aneofthealkanenamewith-yne.Iftherearetwoormoretriplebonds,theendingis-adiyne,-atriyneetc.Table2showsnamesforsomealkylgroups,alkanes,alkenesandalkynes.

Table2 SomeAlkanes,Alkyl,Alkenes,Alkynes

Alkanes

Alkyls

Alkenes

alkynes

IUPAC

Common

Mthane

Methyl

Ethane

Ethyl

Ethene

Ethylene

Acetylene

Propane

Propyl

Propene

Propylene

Propyne

Butane

Butyl

Butene

Butylene

Butyne

Pentane

Pentyl

（amyl）

Pentene

Pentylene

Pentyne

Hexane

Hexyl

Heptane

Heptyl

Octane

Octyl

Nonane

Nonyl

Decane

Decyl

-ane

-yl

-ene

-yne

ThePrefixes

IntheIUPACsystem,alkylandarylsubstituentsandmanyfunctionalgroupsarenamedasprefixesontheparent（forexample,iodomethane）.SomecommonfunctionalgroupsnamedasprefixesarelistedinTable3.

Table3 SomeFunctionalGroupsNamedasPrefixes　

Structure

Name

Structure

Name

-OR

Alkoxy-*

-F

Fluoro-

-NH2

Amino-

-H

Hydro-

-N=N-

Azo-

-I

Iodo-

-Br

Bromo-

-NO2

Nitro-

-Cl

Chloro-

-NO

Nitroso-

　 *methoxy-,ethoxy-,etc.,dependingupontheRgroup

Insimplecompounds,theprefixesdi-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa-,etc.areusedtoindicatethenumberoftimesasubstituentisfoundinthestructure:

e.g.,dimethylaminefor（CH3）2NHordichloromethaneforCH2Cl2.

Incomplexstructures,theprefixesbis-,tris-,andtetrakis-areused:

bis-meanstwoofakind;tris-,threeofakind;andtetrakis-,fourofakind.[（CH3）2N]2isbis（dimethylamino）andnotdi（dimethylamino）.

NomenclaturePriorityofFunctionalGroups

Innamingacompound,thelongestchaincontainingprincipalfunctionalgroupisconsideredtheparent.Theparentisnumberedfromtheprincipalfunctionalgrouptotheotherend,thedirectionbeingchosentogivethelowestnumberstothesubstituents.Theentirenameofthestructureisthencomposedof

（1）thenumbersofthepositionsofthesubstituts（andoftheprincipalfunctionalgroup,ifnecessary）;

（2）thenamesofthesubstituts;（3）thenameoftheparent.

Thevariousfunctionalgroupsarerankedinpriorityastowhichreceivesthesuffixnameandthelowestpositionnumber1.AlistoftheseprioritiesisgiveninTable4.

Table4 NomenclaturePriority*　

Structure

Name

Structure

Name

-N（CH3）3+（asoneexample）

Oniumion

ArOH

Phenol

-CO2H

Carboxylicacid

-SH

Thiol

-SO3H

Sulfonicacid

-NR2

Amine

-COX

Acidhalide

-O-O-

Peroxide

-CONR2

Amide

-MgX（asoneexample）

Organometallic

-CN

Nitrile

>C=C<

alkene

-CHO

Aldehyde

-C

C-

alkyne

-CO-

Ketone

R-,X-,etc.

othersubstituents

ROH

Alcohol

*Highestpriorityisattop.

Ketones

Inthesystematicnamesforketones,the-eoftheparentalkanenameisdroppedand-oneisadded.Aprefixnumberisusedifnecessary.

Inacomplexstructure,aketonegroupmybenamedinIUPACsystemwiththeprefixoxo-.（Theprefixketo-isalsosometimesencountered.）

Alcohols

Thenamesofalcoholsmaybe:

（1）IUPAC;

（2）trivial;or,occasionally,（3）conjunctive.IUPACnamesaretakenfromthenameofthealkanewiththefinal-echangedto-ol.Inthecaseofpolyols,theprefixdi-,tri-etc.isplacedjustbefore-ol,withthepositionnumbersplacedatthestartofthename,ifpossible,suchas,1,4-cyclohexandiol.Namesforsomealkylhalides,ketonesandalcoholsarelistedinTable5.

Table5 SomeAlkylhalides,KetonesandAlcohols　

Alkylhalides

Ketones

Alcohols

IUPAC

COMMON

Chloromethane

Methylchlor

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