英美概况课堂笔记社会运动2social movements 2.docx

英美概况课堂笔记社会运动2social movements 2.docx

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英美概况课堂笔记社会运动2socialmovements2

SOCIALMOVEMENTS2

ThesigningoftheCivilRightsAct1964

TheYouthMovement/Anti-WarMovement

WorkingintheSouthduringthe“FreedomSummer”of1964hadaffectedmanyofthewhitestudentswhohadcomedownfromtheNorth.Asaresult,theychangedgreatly,particularlyintheirattitudesandbeliefs.

HavingseentheirfriendsbeatenandarrestedbySouthernpolicemenandsentencedtojailbySouthernjudgesandhavingseenmayorsandgovernorsrefusetoobeyfederallaws,theyhadnowlostrespectforauthority.Thesestudentsstartedtogivespeechesaboutthecivilrightsmovement,aboutnonviolence,andabouttheneedtochangesociety.

Berkeleyuniversity1965anti-warsit-in

Berkeleyuniversity1965anti-war

In1964,acivilrightssupportersatatasmalltableonthecampusoftheUniversityofCalifornia,distributinginformationandcollectingdonations.Thecampuspoliceaskedhimtoleave–herefused.Whenthepolicearrestedhim,alargecrowdofstudentssurroundedthepolicecarandshouted“Arrestallofus”.

Thestudentssataroundthepolicecarfor32hoursinaspontaneous,nonviolentdirectaction.800studentswerearrested.Graduatesorganisedastrikeandclosedtheuniversity.Theteachersandprofessorsagreedwiththestudentsthatthecivilrightssupportershouldhavebeenallowedtostayonthecampus.Theyoungpeople’s“FreeSpeechMovement”hadbegun!

Theyouthmovementspreadbeyondthecampusesandsomeyoungpeopleformeda“counterculture.TheyrejectedcapitalismandotherAmericanprinciples.Theirmoralvaluesweredifferentfromthosetaughtbytheirparents.TheHippiescalledthemselvesthe“lovegeneration”,andhappinessbecametheirmajorgoalinlife.Theirmusicwasdifferent,andhadlyricsthatsoundedrebellioustoolderpeople.SmallgroupsgottogetherincitieslikeSanFranciscolivinganalternative,cooperativelifestyle.

Collegestudentsandsomehigh-schoolstudentswere“droppingout”ofschool.SomebecameHippiesanddroppedoutofsocietytoo.Othersleftthecountrytoavoidbeingdraftedintothearmy.

TheVWBusisusuallyknownasthecounterculture/hippiesymbol;apeacesymbolisusuallypaintedwheretheVWlogoshouldbe.

Ananti-warmovementstartedinresponsetothewarinVietnam.ThenumberoftroopsbeingsenttoVietnamwasincreasingand,asaresultofthis,anational‘draft’wasinstigated.Theanti-warmovementuseddirectactioninanattempttobringaboutchange.Forinstance,oncollegecampusestheyheldteach-ins,protestmarchesandrallies,andtheyattackedfederalofficestodestroydraftrecords.Publicsupportfortheanti-warmovementgrewstronger,thoughevenmostpeopledidnotapproveofactsofviolencebydemonstrators.

Therelationshipbetweenyouthandtheirelderswasaffectedbythedifferentconcernsandvaluesthateachheld.Theolderpeoplehadjustcomethroughaterriblewarandtheyhadsufferedgreatlyduringthisperiod.Theirconcernwasforsecurityintheirpersonallives;ajob,ahome,afamilyandstability.TheywerelivinginaperiodwhentheAmericaneconomywasverysuccessfulandindividualstandardsoflivingwererapidlyimproving.Peoplethought“TheAmericanDream”waspossible.

Incontrast,theyouthwantedsomethingelse.Theyhadnotexperiencedthewar,norhadmanyofthemknownpersonalhardship.Theyweregrowingupinaperiodwheretheyperceivedtheworldasadangerousplace.The‘ColdWar’wasaconstantreminderthattheworldcoulddestroyitselfatanytime.TheyoungpeopleobservedtheCubanCrisisof1962andsawtheworldcomeveryclosetonuclearwar,theyobservedinjusticeinracialequality,theysawthegrowingmaterialismoftheirsociety,andobservedanarmsracebetweennations.Theyoungpeoplewereabletoseetheseeventsthroughamediathathadtheabilitytoreportrealeventslive.YoungpeoplesawonTVallthemajoreventsoftheirdayfromtheCubanCrisistothebeatingsofblacks;totheshootingofPresidentKennedy.

Theeffectofworld/Americaneventsontheyouthwasthattheythoughtthattheworld（andAmerica）neededtochangeandtheydidn’tthinkthattheireldersknewhowtomakethenecessarychanges.

Theyouthbelievedthattheydidhavetheanswers.Themessageoftheyouthandanti-warmovementswasnotonlyconveyedbythereportinginthemediabutalsobythemusicofthatperiod.Themusicofprotestandthemusicexpressingalternativevalueswerebecomingpopular.

TheWomen’sMovement

Thewomen’smovementwasstartedbythreegroupsofwomenandanaccident:

1.AgroupofwomenwereappointedtoaCommissionontheStatusofWomenbyPresidentKennedyin1961.TheyfoundthatwomenintheUSwerenottreatedequallywithmeninmanyareasofsociety,andthissituationcameasashocktomanyAmericans.

2.AfterthepublicationofthebookTheFeminineMystiquemanyhousewivesandmothersbegantolookatthemselvesandtheirlivesdifferently.

3.Agroupofyoungactivistsinthecivilrightsandanti-warmovementsbelievedthatthemaleleadersofthesegroupswerediscriminatingagainstwomeninthemovement.Theysubsequentlybecameknownasthe“women’sliberation”movement,andtheysometimesusedquiteradicaltacticstomaketheirpoint.

The‘accident'referstothefactthattheword“sex”hadbeenunintentionallyincludedtheCivilRightsAct,passedin1964.Thelawmade“discriminationinemploymentbasedonraceorsex”illegal:

thus,womenhadunwittinglybeenincludedinthosegroupsnottobediscriminatedagainst.

Thewomen’smovementworkedtowardschangesineconomicpractices,suchasequalpayforequalwork.Theyalsowantedequalopportunitiesforjobsinfieldssuchasscienceandtechnology,managementandpolitics.

Womenalsowantedchangesinsocialpracticesandattitudes.Theywantedmentoacknowledgethatwomenwerenotinferiortomeninintelligenceorability.

SomenewspapersandTVprogramsmadethewomeninthemovementappeartobemen-haterswhodidnotwanttobefeminine.Later,womenworkedhardinthe1970’stochangethisimage.

Conclusion

Althoughmanychangeshaveresultedfromthisperiodofactivismandprotest,thereisstillsomeracisminAmericaanditisstillaseriousproblem.

TheVietnamWarendedin1973whentheUSsignedapeacetreaty.Theanti-warmovementmadeasignificantimpactonthenation.Americanshaddiscoveredanewwaytoinfluencegovernmentpolicy（bypeacefulprotestsanddemonstrations）andithadprovedsuccessful.

Thewomen’smovementhasmademanygainsintheareasofrightsandopportunities.However,evennowthenumberofwomeninleadershiprolesingovernmentandbusinessisstillnotsatisfactory.Women’sorganisationscontinuetoasserttherightsandneedsofwomen.Itisimportanttorealisethattherearemanymorewomeninmajorrolesinbothbusinessandinpoliticsin2007thantherewasinthe1960’s.

Thesocialmovementsofthe1960’shadastronginfluenceonthewaypeoplethinkandact,andtheycausedchangestobemadetomanylaws,andevenledtotheformationofnewlaws.

Herearethetenmostinfluentialwomenwhomadetheirpresencefeltintheirrespectivefieldsandacclaimedthehighestdeservingawards.

Theyear’sMostPowerfulWomanCEOisIndraNooyi.FormerlyCFOandpresident,theIndian-bornstrategistreachedthetopeventhoughsheneverranalineoperationatPepsi.Nooyibelievesinconstantreinvention,‘Theminuteyou’vedevelopedanewbusinessmodel,it’sextinct,becausesomebodyisgoingtocopyit.’

ThehighestearningcorporatewomanisSafraCatz,with$26.1million（200millionyuan）.Thisspotlight-shywomanisakeyexecutiveonthemanagementteamassembledbyOracle’scolorfulfounder,LarryEllison.

TherisingstarinTransportationSystemsisAdrianeM.Brown,PresidentandCEOofHoneywellTransportationSystems,apositionshewasappointedtoinJanuary2005.Brownleadsa$4.5billionautoproductsdivision.Operatingprofitslastyearwere$557million.

DanicaPatrickisleadingthewayonarealracetrack.AnAmericanauto-racingdrivercompetingintheIndyRacingLeague（IRL）wasborninBeloit,Wisconsin,toanIrish-AmericanfamilyandwasraisedinRoscoe,Illinois.

AmyPascal,thechiefoftheSonyPictureshasbeennamedasthemostpowerfulwomaninthefilmbusiness.IndustryjournalTheHollywoodReporterconferredthishonoronMsPascalforherrecognitionofsuchmoney-spinnersasTheDaVinciCodeandCasinoRoyale.BeforejoiningthecrewofSony,shewasmanagingColumbiaPicturesfrom1996to2003,theretooshegainedsuccesscozofSpiderman.

SunitaWilliams,ofOhio,aNASAastronautbecamethesecondwomanofIndianorigintohavebeenselectedbyNASAforaspacemissionafterKalpanaChawla.

FinancialTimeshasannouncedtheworld’srichestself-madewomenasMs.ZhangYinwhois‘worthanestimated$3.4bn’.ThisfemaleTreeHuggingentrepreneurstartedupNineDragonspaperjustafewyearsagoandowns72%ofherlistedcompany.ShebuysscrappaperfromUSAandprocessesitinChinaforsale.