专8听力真题答案及讲座原文.docx

专8听力真题答案及讲座原文.docx

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专8听力真题答案及讲座原文

Forpersonaluseonlyinstudyandresearch;notforcommercialuse

SECTIONAMINI-LECTURE

ModelsforArguments

Threemodelsforarguments

●thefirstmodelforarguingiscalled

（1）_________;

—argumentsaretreatedaswar

—thereismuchwinningandlosing

—itisa

（2）__________modelforarguing

●thesecondmodelforarguingisargumentsasproofs:

—（3）warranted__________

—validinferencesandconclusions

—no（4）__________intheadversarialsense

●thethirdmodelforarguingis（5）_________:

—theaudienceis（6）__________inthearguments

—argumentsmust（7）__________theaudience

Traitsoftheargumentaswar

●verydominant:

itcanshape（8）_________

●strongargumentsareneeded

●negativeeffectsinclude:

—（9）_________areemphasized

—winningistheonlypurpose

—thistypeofargumentsprevent（10）_________

—theworstthingis（11）_________

●implicationfromargumentsaswar:

（12）_________

—e.g.,oneprovidingreasonsandtheotherraising（13）_________

—theotheroneisfinallypersuaded

Suggestionsonnewwaysto（14）_________ofarguments

●thinkofnewkindsofarguments

●changerolesinarguments

●（15）_________

SECTIONBINTERVIEW

Now,listentothePartOneoftheinterview.Questions1to5arebasedonPartOneoftheinterview.

1.Whatisthetopicoftheinterview?

A.Maggie’suniversitylife.B.Hermom’slifeatHarvard.C.Maggie’sviewonstudyingwithMom.D.Maggie’sopiniononhermom’smajor.

2.Whichofthefollowingindicatesthattheyhavethesamestudyschedule?

A.Theytakeexamsinthesameweeks.B.Theyhavesimilarlecturenotes.C.Theyapplyforthesameinternship.D.Theyfollowthesamefashion.

3.Whatdothemotherandthedaughterhaveincommonasstudents?

A.Havingroommates.B.Practicingcourttrails.C.Studyingtogether.D.Takingnotesbyhand.

4.WhatisthebiggestadvantageofstudyingwithMom?

A.Protection.B.Imagination.C.Excitement.D.Encouragement.

5.WhatisthebiggestdisadvantageofstudyingwithMom?

A.ThinkingofwaystocomfortMom.B.OccasionalinterferencefromMom.C.UltimatelycallswhenMaggieisbusy.D.FrequentcheckonMaggie’sgrades.

Now,listentothePartTwooftheinterview.Questions6to10arebasedonPartTwooftheinterview.

6.Whyisparentandkidstudyingtogetheracommoncase?

A.Becauseparentsneedtobereadyfornewjobs.B.Becauseparentslovetoreturntocollege.C.Becausekidsrequiretheirparentstodoso.D.Becausekidsfindithardtoadapttocollegelife.

7.WhatwouldMaggie’smomliketobeaftercollege?

A.Realestateagent.B.Financier.C.Lawyer.D.Teacher.

8.HowdoesMaggie’smomfeelaboutsittinginclassafter30years?

A.Delighted.B.Excited.C.Bored.D.Frustrated.

9.WhatismostchallengingforMaggie’smom?

A.Howtomakeacake.B.Howtomakeomelets.C.Toacceptwhatistaught.D.Toplanafuturecareer.

10.HowdoesMaggiedescribetheprocessofthinkingoutone’scareerpath?

A.Unsuccessful.B.Gradual.C.Frustrating.D.Passionate.

Keys:

1.thedialecticalmodel

2.commonandfixed

3.premises

4.opposition/arguing

5.argumentsasperformances/therhetoricalmodel

6.participatory/participating/theparticipant/takingpart

7.betailoredto/caterfor

8.howweargue/ouractualconduct

9.tactics/strategies

10.negotiationandcollaboration

11.there’snosolution/progress

12.learningwithlosing

13.questions/counter-considerations/counter-arguments/objections/argumentsinopposition

14.achievepositiveeffects

15.supportoneself/yourself

CADDB

ACDCB

Script:

Goodmorning,everyone.MynameisDavidandIamgoodatarguing.Sowelcometoourintroductorylectureonargumentation.Whydowewanttoargue?

Whydowetrytoconvinceotherpeopletobelievethingsthattheydon’twanttobelieve?

Andisthatevenanicethingtodo?

Isthatanicewaytotreatotherhumanbeing,tryandmakethemthinksomethingtheydon’twanttothink?

Well,myanswerisgoingtomakereferencetothreemodelsforarguments.

（1）Thefirstmodel—let’scallthisthedialecticalmodel—isthatwethinkofargumentsaswar.Andyouknowwhatthat’slike.Thereisalotofscreamingandshoutingandwinningandlosing.

（2）Andthat’snotreallyaveryhelpfulmodelarguing,butit’saprettycommonandfixedone.Iguessyoumusthaveseenthattypeofarguingmanytimes—inthestreet,onthebusorinthesubway.

Let’smoveontothesecondmodel.Thesecondmodelforarguingregardsargumentsasproofs.Thinkofamathematician’sargument.Here’smyargument.Doesitwork?

Isitanygood?

（3）Arethepremises（前提）warranted?

Aretheinferences（推论））valid?

Doestheconclusionfollowthepremises?

（4）Noopposition,noadversariality（对抗）—notnecessarilyanyarguingintheadversarialsense.

（5）Andthere’sathirdmodeltokeepinmindthatIthinkisgoingtobeveryhelpful,andthatisargumentsasperformances,argumentsasbeinginfrontofanaudience.Wecanthinkofapoliticiantryingtopresentaposition,tryingtoconvincetheaudienceofsomething.

Butthere’sanothertwist（转折）onthismodelthatIreallythinkisimportant;namely,thatwhenwearguebeforeanaudience,（6）sometimestheaudiencehasamoreparticipatoryroleintheargument;thatis,youpresentyouargumentsinfrontofanaudiencewhoarelikejuries（陪审团）thatmakeajudgmentanddecidethecase.（5）Let’scallthismodeltherhetoricalmodel,（7）whereyouhavetotailor（迎合）yourargumenttotheaudienceathand.

Ofthosethree,theargumentaswaristhedominantone.Itdominateshowwetalkaboutarguments,itdominateshowwethinkaboutarguments,andbecauseofthat,（8）itshapeshowweargue,ouractualrightontarget.Wewanttohaveourdefensesupandourstrategiesallinorder.Wewantkillerarguments.That’sthekindofargumentwewant.Itisthedominantwayofthinkingaboutarguments.WhenI’mtalkingaboutarguments,that’sprobablywhatyouthoughtof,theadversarialmodel.

Butthewarmetaphor,thewarparadigm（范例）ormodelforthinkingaboutarguments,has,Ithink,negativeeffectsonhowweargue.（9）First,itelevatestacticsoversubstance.Youcantakeaclassinlogicargumentation.Youlearnallaboutthestrategiesthatpeopleusetotryandwinargumentsandthatmakesarguingadversarial;it’spolarizing（分化的）.Andtheonlyforeseeableoutcomesaretriumph—glorioustriumph—ordisgraceful（可耻的）defeat.Ithinkthoseareverydestructiveeffects,andworstofall,（10）itseemstopreventthingslikenegotiationandcollaboration（合作）.Um,Ithinktheargument-as-warmetaphorinhibits（阻止）thoseotherkindsofresolutionstoargumentation.

（11）Andfinally—thisisreallytheworstthing—argumentsdon’tseemtogetusanywhere;they’redeadends（死胡同）.Wedon’tanywhere.Oh,andonemorething.（12）Thatis,ifargumentiswar,thenthere’salsoanimplicit（绝对的）aspectofmeaning—learningwithlosing.

AndletmeexplainwhatImean.SupposeyouandIhaveanargument.Youbelieveaproposition（命题）andIdon’t.AndIsay,“Well,whydoyoubelievethat?

”Andyougivemeyourreasons.AndIobjectandsay,“Well,whatabout…？

”AndIhaveaquestion:

“Well,whatdoyoumean?

Howdoesitapplyoverhere?

”Andyouanswermyquestion.Now,supposeattheendoftheday,I’veobjected,I’vequestioned,（13）I’veraisedallsortsofquestionsfromanoppositeperspectiveandineverycaseyou’verespondedtomysatisfaction.Andsoattheendoftheday,Isay,“Youknowwhat?

Iguessyou’reright.”MaybefinallyIlostmyargument.Butisn’titalsoaprocessoflearning?

Soyouseeargumentsmayalsohavepositiveeffects.

（14）So,howcanwefindnewwaystoachievethosepositiveeffects?

Weneedtothinkofnewkindsofarguments.HereIhavesomesuggestion.Ifwewanttothinkofnewkindsofargument,whatweneedtodoisthinkofnewkindsofarguers—peoplewhoargue.

Sotrythis:

Thinkofalltherolesthatpeopleplayinarguments.

（1）（5）There’stheproponentandtheopponentinanadversarial,dialecticalargument（对话式论证）.There’stheaudienceinrhetoricalarguments.There’sthereasonerinargumentsasproofs.Allthesedifferentroles.Now,canyouimagineanargumentinwhichyouarethearguer,butyou’realsointheaudience,watchingyourselfargue?

Canyouimagineyourselfwatchingyourselfargue?

（15）Thatmeansyouneedtobesupportedbyyourself.Evenwhenyoulosetheargument,still,attheendoftheargument,youcouldsay,“Wow,thatwasagoodargument!

”Canyoudothat?

Ithinkyoucan.Inthisway,you’vebeensupportedbyyourself.

Uptillnow,Ihavelostalotofarguments.Itreallytakespracticetobecomeagoodarguer,inthesenseofbeingabletobenefitfromlosing,butfortunately,I’vehadmany,manycolleagueswhohavebeenwillingtostepupandprovidethatpracticeforme.

Ok.Tosumup,intoday’slecture,Ihaveintroducedthreemodelsofarguments.

（1）Thefirstmodeliscalledthedialecticalmodel.Thesecondoneisthemodelofargumentsasproofs.（5）Andthelastoneiscalledtherhetoricalmodel,themodelofargumentsasperformances.Ihavealsoemphasizedthat,thoughtheadversarialtypeofargumentsisquitecommon,wecanstillmakeargumentsproducesomepositiveeffects.NexttimeIwillcontinueourdiscussionontheprocessofarguing.

仅供个人用于学习、研究；不得用于商业用途。

Forpersonaluseonlyinstudyandresearch;notforcommercialuse.

NurfürdenpersönlichenfürStudien,Forschung,zukommerziellenZweckenverwendetwerden.

Pourl'étudeetlarechercheuniquementàdesfinspersonnelles;pasàdesfinscommerciales.

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