毕业翻译英文原文.docx

毕业翻译英文原文.docx

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毕业翻译英文原文

EnergySavinginBridgeEngineering

HongjiangLI,YanlingLENGandYingMA

ABSTRACT

Asenergyconservationbecomesasignificantconcernofnationalsocio-economicdevelopment,energy-savingforbridgestructureisattractingmoreandmoreattentions.Forthepurposeofrevealingenergyproblemsandexploringenergy-savingpotentialinbridgeengineering,technicalconditionfactorsofbridgeareanalyzedbasedonthebasicconceptofenergy,whichhaveaninfluenceonvehiclefuelconsumptionandenergyproblemsrootedinmaterialsconsumptioninbridgeconstruction;furthermore,energy-savingmeasuresareputforwardinvariousaspectsinbridgeengineering,suchasplanning,design,constructionandmaintenance.Thestudyshowsthatmostenergyproblemsinbridgeengineeringbelongtoindirectconsumptions.Appropriateenergy-savingmeasuresshouldbetakentoreducevehiclefuelconsumptionandsavenon-renewablematerialsorhigh

energyconsumptionmaterials.Moreover，energy-savingconceptexistsintheentirelifecycleofabridge,energy-efficientbridgeengineeringhasastrategicsignificanceofpromotingsustainabledevelopmentinhighwaytransportationsector.

DEVELOPMENTSTATUSOFBRIDGEENGINEERINGPER

Large-scalebridgeconstructionstartedfrom1980sinChina.Tilltheendof

2009,Chinahad621,900bridgesintotal,surpassedUSAinnumber,andbecametheworld’slargestbridgecountry.Theconstructionoflong-spanandsuperlong-spanbridgeshadbeenthemostsignificantmarkofbridgeconstructionprogressinthepast30years.Halfoftheworld’stop10long-spanbeambridges,archbridgesandsuspensionbridgesarelocatedinChina,andeightofthetoptenlong-spancable-stayedbridgeslieinChina.Furthermore,DonghaiBridgewasopenedtotrafficin

2005,markedthestartofconstructinglargecross-seabridgesorcross-riverbridges;afterthat,HangzhouBayBridge（36kilometers）andZhoushanPeninsulaProject（48.46kilometers）successivelyopenedtotrafficin2008and2009.Inaddition,

QingdaoGulfBridge（41.58kilometers）andHongKong-Zhuhai-MacaoBridge

（49.968kilometers）areunderconstruction;BohaiBayBridge,YangtzeRiver

CrossingBridgeproject,ZhujiangLingdingyangBridge,QiongzhouStraitBridge

andTaiwanStraitCross-seaProjecthavebeenplannedalreadybesides.Withinthe

First20yearsofthe21century,nationalhighwaynetworkandruralroad

constructionprojectwillbeputintopracticeinChina.Roughly200,000bridges

withatotallengthofabout10,000kmwillbeconstructed,includingapproximately

100grandbridges，thetotallengthofwhicheachexceeds400m.

However,fromexperiencesoftheworld,projectscarriedoutinrapiddevelopmentperiodusuallyhavepoorquality.Imperfectionsaccompanywiththewholeprocessfromdesigntoconstructionandothersectors,asaresult,insufficientperformanceandfunctionaldefectproblemsareoftenfound.Atthesametime,currentlythesafetyofnearly100,000bridges--accountfornearly15%ofthetotalnumberofbridgesinChina--inthehighwaynetworkofChinaarethreatenedbydiseasesincludingconcretecracking,thecorrosionofreinforcement,thecorrosionanddegradationofcable,theweakeningofvibrationfatigueandthecorrosionofsteelbridge.Themaintenanceandrepairofoldbridgeswillbecomeaninevitablechoicetofulfillthesustainabledevelopmentofhighwaytransport,whichisdeterminedbythecharacteristicofoldbridgesinChina,thatis,Chinesebridgehasabignumberbase,growsrapidlyandsufferedbyproblemsleftoverbyhistory.Withtheconstructionofnewbridges,themaintenanceoftheoldbridgeswillgetintoapeakperiod.

Bothconstructingnewbridgesandmaintainingoldbridgeswillwastealotofenergy.Accordingtosomeresearches,transportationisknowntobealargeconsumerofenergyresourceandthefastest-risingenergyconsumptionsector.Bridgeisakeycomponentofhighwaytransportation,energyproblemaccompanieswiththewholecourseoftheconstructionandmaintenanceofbridge,furthermore,thisproblemisoneofthemostsignificantsectorsinthenationaleconomicalenergysaving.Energy-saving,rankingfirstinthesevenstrategicnewindustrieslistedinthetwelfthfive-yearplan,isanimportantconcernofthegrowthofthenationaleconomy.That’swhythescientificconceptofdevelopmentandpracticingtheideaofenergy-savingareregardedastheguidingideologyandinevitableresponsibilityofbridgeengineers.Onthebasisofdiscoveringproblemsindepthandstrengtheningenergy-savingawareness,adoptingfeasibleenergy-savingmeasuresandenhancingmanagementintheuseofenergyinthewholeprocessoftheplanning,design,constructionandmaintenanceofbridgesisakeysubjectandmissionofbridgeengineering.

THEDEFINITIONANDSTATUSOFENERGY

AccordingtotheEnergyConservationLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinapublishedin2007,theterm"energy"asusedinthisLawreferstocoal,crudeoil,naturalgas,liquefiedpetroleumgas,biomassenergy,power,heat,andotherresourcesfromwhichusefulenergycanbederiveddirectlyorthroughprocessingorconversion.Atpresent,thetotalenergyconsumptionofChinaisaboutonethirdofthatofU.S,accountingofaboutonetenthofthatofthewholeworldandrankssecondintheworld.However,China’spercapitalreservesofcoal,petroleumandnaturalgasarebelowtheworldaveragelevel,furthermore,theenergyintensitypercapitainChinaisfarlowerthanthatinmostcountries,andpetroleumonlyaccountsfor11.1%ofthetotalamountofthewholeworldinparticular.Meanwhile,theenergyconsumptionperunitofoutputvalueinChinaisthehighestintheworld,whichistwiceasmuchasthatoftheworldaveragebesides.Furthermore,atpresent,theenergyutilizationratioinChinaisonlyabout30%,whichis10%lowerthanthatofdevelopedcountries.Chinaisinaperiodofrapidindustrialandurbanizationdevelopment,thesituationofhighenergyconsumptionintensity,accompanieswithacontinuedexpansionofconsumptionscaleandanextensivemodeofgrowthcharacterizedbyhighinvestment，highconsumptionandhighpollution.Forthereasonscitedabove,thecontradictionbetweensupplyanddemandofenergyhasbeenincreased.ProblemsinthesupplyandsecurityofenergyemergeandbecomeamainrestrictingfactorofthesocialandeconomicdevelopmentinChina.Highwaytransportationplaysakeyroleinthecomprehensivesystemoftransport,andenergyisthedirectdrivingforcetothegrowthoftheconstructionandmaintenanceofhighwaytransportation.Forthisreasontheshortageandirrationalconsumptionofenergywilldoubtlessaffectthegrowthofhighwaytransportation.

ENERGYPROBLEMSINBRIDGEENGINEERING

（1）VehicleFuelConsumption

Energyconsumptioninthehighwaytransportationsystemmainlycomesfromroadvehicles,whichcouldbeclassifiedaseitherdirectenergyconsumptionorindirectenergyconsumption.Directenergyconsumptionreferstothepartusedtodrivevehicles.Indirectenergyconsumptionreferstotheenergyusedformaintainingandoperatingthetransportationsystem,whichcomprisestheenergyneededtorepairvehicle,maintainhighwayandbridge.Thetechnicalconditionofbridgeconstructionisasignificantfactorthatinfluencesthevehiclefuelconsumptionratioforbridgeitselfbearstheweightofvehicle.Vehiclefuelconsumptionisdeterminedbythedrivingstatusofvehicle,whichisinfluencedbythetechnicalconditionofbridge,suchasaveragegrade,bridgedecksurfaceroughnessandsoon（Ba,2010）.Comparedtobridgesingoodtechnicalcondition,bridgeswithlargeverticalslopeandroughdecksurfacewastesmoreenergytocarrythesametrafficvolume.Furthermore,rationaldesignspeedinfluencestransportcondition.Researcherssuggestthatwhenthespeedislowerthannormal,vehiclefuelconsumptionamountismarkedlyincreasedwiththespeedingdownofvehicles.Inaddition,fuelconsumptionamountincreaseswhenvehicleisspeedingupabovenormalspeed.Moreover,trafficvolumeandtrafficcomponentsareinfluencedbythewidthofbridgedeck.Ultimately,vehiclefuelconsumptionamountisinfluenced.Generallyspeaking,mixedtrafficwithhightrafficvolumeconsumedmoreenergythanunmixedtrafficwithlowtrafficvolume.Forinstance,frequentstartsandstopswithvehicle,anincreaseinthenumberofcarbrakingandaccelerationfromstopandtrafficcongestionproblemswillallbringabouthighenergyconsumptionamount（Li,2009a）.Comparedtonormalcondition,energyconsumptionamountwillincreasebyseveraltimesinthesecircumstances（Du,2007）,trafficcongestionleadstotransportationefficiencydecrease,whichwillincreasethecostofurbandevelopmentandinturnhasastrongimpactonthesocialandeconomicdevelopmentofcities,what’sworse,inthissituationenergyconsumptionandpollutantdischargegrows（Cai,2008）.

Maintenanceandreinforcementareindispensableforensuringthesafeandnaturalserviceabilityofbridgeinoperationperiod.Forinstance,thedesignreferenceperiodofcable-stayedbridgeis100years,yetthedesignworkinglifeisonly25to30years,socablereplacementworkisinevitableforcable-stayedbridge,andundercurrentsituationtheimplementingofmostcablereplacementworkcausestraffictostoptemporarily.Therefore,themaintenanceandreinforcementofoldbridgewillcausetemporarytrafficconjunction,andcarshavetogoaroundbyroadswhichtakemuchlonger,itwillinturnincreasetrafficvolumeamountsandchangetransportconditionsofneighboringroads,andresultintheincreaseoftotalfuelconsumptionamountandunitenerg