中英分开.docx

中英分开.docx

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中英分开

ClimateandArchitecture

Sincethebeginningoftime,manhasbeenaffectedbyclimateanditsinfluenceovertheearth.

Thefirsthumansbuiltsheltersandlivedincavestoprotectthemselvesfromtheweatherelements.

However,thefirstdocumentationofarchitecturaldesignwithclimateinterestsinminddatesbacktofourthcenturyB.C.inGreece.

ThephilosopherVitruvius,firstcenturyB.C.,isquotedassaying,“Wemustattheoutsettakenoteofthecountriesandclimatesinwhichbuildingsarebuilt（Oktay）.”

InRome,architectsmadenoteofthereductionoftemperaturecreatedbythehugestonewallsandtheirshadows.

Thewallsweremadeofstuccoedbrickandweretypicallytwelvetotwentyfeetwidewhichallowedforanextendedareatobecapturedintheshadowsofthewallskeepingthecitycoolduringthemiddayhours（Oktay）.

Thestuccoedwallsareanexampleofclimate-responsivearchitecture,orarchitecturethatisconstructedandbuiltwithdesignsthatmakeuseofthesurroundingclimateanditsnaturaleffects.

Withthehelpofnewclimatetechnology,manydevelopingcountries,suchasAlgeria,aremakinguseofclimate-responsivearchitectureanditsbenefitsinhelpingtokeephumanscomfortable（Bensalem）.

Climateresponsivearchitecturetakesadvantageoffreeenergyintheformofheatandlight.

Eachregionoftheworldemploysitsowntechniquesanddesignsinitsbuildingsthatarebestsuitedtothatparticularregionandthatencompasstheregion’sculturalpatterns.

Thisisknownmorecommonlyasvernaculararchitecture,or“formswhichgrowoutofthepracticalneedsoftheinhabitantsofaplaceandtheconstraintsofthesiteandclimate（Oktay）.”

Vernaculararchitecturevariesforregionsofhotclimateandregionsofcoldclimate.

Manyofthesametechniquesareemployed,butitisthewaytheyareusedineachrespectiveclimatethatmakesthemunique.

Beforegettingintothespecificsofeachclimate,generalguidelinesareusedbyallarchitectsinanybuildingsituation.

AmanbythenameofOlgyayiscreditedwithcreatingabioclimaticchartthathelpsinthedesignofbuildingssothattheyareconducivetothehumanrequirementsofcomfortusingthesurroundingclimaticconditions.

Olgyay’schartisa“zoneofhumancomfortinrelationtoambientairtemperatureandhumidity,meanradianttemperature,windspeed,solarradiation,andevaporativecooling”（Givoni280）.

Theaxesofthechartincludethedrybulbtemperatureandrelativehumiditywhichcreatethe“zone”inwhichotherimportantcharacteristicscanbecalculated.

Acomfortzoneiscreatedinthecenterofthechart,whichemphasizesthecorrecttemperatureandhumidityformaximumcomfort.

Thebioclimaticchartisimportantbecauseitallowsbuildersandarchitectstofigureouttherightspecificationsfordesignfactorssuchasorientation,location,size,shading,andform.

Ahot-humidclimateisdefinedasa“regionthatreceivesmorethan20inchesofannualprecipitation”andeitherhas3,000ormorehoursof67degFtemperatureor1,500ormorehoursof73degFtemperatureduringthewarmestsixmonthsoftheyear（BuildingScienceCorporation）.

Inthistypeofclimate,themainfunctionofthebuildingsistosimplymoderatethedaytimeheatingeffectsoftheexternalair（Givoni290）.

Inotherwords,itisimportanttodesignbuildingswhosestructureandinteriorarebestabletokeepwarmairout.

Livinginahotclimatecanquicklybecomeuncomfortableforitsinhabitantswiththeextremeheatthatisbuiltupbymidday.

Thatiswhyitisimportantforthebuildingsstructurestohaveeffectiveventilationandaninternaltemperaturebelowtheoutdoorlevel（Givoni285）.

Theventilationkeepsairmovingthroughtheenvironmentand,therefore,keepstheinhabitantscooler.

Inmanyarid,desertregions,buildingsaredesignedwithflatroofs,smallopenings,andheavyweightmaterials.

Thesematerialsincludedriedmudinruralareasandreinforcedconcreteinurbanareas（Givoni316）.

Thethickexteriorroofandwallshelptoabsorbtemperaturefluctuationsand,therefore,keepinternaltemperaturesfromrisingabovetheoutsidesurfacetemperature.

Animportantfunctionoftheroofisitscolor.

Awhiteorlightcoloredroofwillstayapproximatelythesametemperatureastheoutdoorairduringtheday,and6cto10cdegreescoolerthantheoutsideairatnight（Givoni319）.

Thisisanimportantfeaturebecausethecoolernighttimeairwillbechanneleddownbythesloopoftheroofandintotheroomsinthebuilding.

Onefunctionofthesmallopeningsistopreventdust,ahugeprobleminAfrica,WestAsia,andWestAustralia,fromenteringbuildings.

Windowsarearrangedsothatequalareasareopenonthewindwardandleewardsidesofthebuilding.

Thereasonforthisisverysimple,theairstreamcanbedirectedintoroomsthatneedconstantventilationsuchasthebedroom（Givoni）.

Whenonewindowispositionedhigherthananother,thermalforcewilldirecttheairflowfromthehighwindowtothelowerwindowcreatinggoodventilation.

Courtyards,patios,andverandasareothercommonfeaturesofbuildingsinhotclimates.

Withhighwalls,theseoutsideareasprovideshadeandarelaxingenvironmenttotheirinhabitantsforsocialgatherings,eveningentertainment,foodpreparation,anddomesticworksuchaslaundry（Oktay）.

Concreteisthemostcommonmaterialusedinthewallsbecauseithaslowcostandhighthermalcapacitywhichinturnreducesinternaltemperatures（Givoni316）.

Anotherwaytoprovideshadeinamoreaestheticallypleasingwayisthroughgreenery.

Forexample,trees,shrubs,andbushesprovidenaturalshadefromthesunwhilegivingthecourtyardareaapleasinglook.

Whyaretheseoutsideareassoimportant?

Theyareimportantbecauseessentialfunctionshappenoutsidelikecookingandentertaining.

Theoutsideenvironmentinhotregionsisjustasimportantastheinsidebecauseitisadaytimerelieffromtheintenseclimate.

Thefollowingchartwascreatedtoshowtheoptimalcomforttemperatureforanoutsideareainahotregion.

Asonecansee,dependingontheorientationofthebuilding,thereisadifferentcorrespondingoptimaltemperature（Bensalem）.

Generallybetweentheafternoonhoursoftheday（1:

00pmto4:

00pm）,themostcomfortabletemperatureisaround30-35degreesC.

Insummary,atypicalhotclimatebuildingpossessesthreemainsections,amainbuilding,aservicebuilding,andaninnercourtyard（Oktay）.

Themainbuildingwillcontainthelivingroomsoastomakeuseofthecrossventilationfromthewindowsandhasanorth-southorientationispreferabletodealwithventilationissues.

Theoutsideareasproviderelieffromheatwiththick,concretewalls.

Acoldclimateisdefinedasaregionwithapproximately5,400to9,000heatingdegree-days（BuildingScienceCorporation）.

Aheatingdegree-dayiscalculatedbysubtractingthemeantemperatureforthedayfrom65degF.

Itisgeneralbeliefthatwhenthetemperaturedropsbelow65degF,peoplebegintoturnontheirfurnaces,sothereforewhenthemeantemperaturedropsbelow65degFthedayisassignedaheatingdegreenumber.

Abuildingconstructedincoldclimatesshouldideallyhavehealthyandcomfortableindoorthermalconditionsandareasonablefueleconomywiththeheatingmethodslocallyemployed（Givoni291）.

Thekeytoreachingthatgoalisgoodinsulationandsunshineexposure,whichhelpstokeepthewarmairinsidethebuilding.

TheancientGreeksemployedthistechniquebyrealizingthatthewintersunhadalowarcinthesouthernsky,duetothetiltintheEarthattheseason,allowingwindowsinthewallstocapturemuchneededheatfromthesun（Oktay）.

Atraditionalbuildingisusuallybuiltjustbelowthebrowofahillonthesouthwardslope.

Thiswaythebuildingisprotectedbythehillandbysurroundingshelterbeltsoftrees（Oktay）.

Thenorthfaceofthebuildingtypicallyhasfewopeningswhilethesouthcontainsthemainopeningstomaximizesunexposure.

Orientationisimportantbecauseitaffectswhichsidesofthebuildingsreceivethemostsunlightandhowlongthesunstayswiththosesides.

Thelongaxisofthebuildingshouldideallystretcheasttowest.

Thenorthendreceivestheleastamountofsunlightand,consequently,haslowertemperatures（Oktay）.

Thisiswhystoragerooms,toilets,andkitchenstypicallyarelocatedatthenorthendofmanybuildings.

Thesouthendismuchwarmerandgenerallywillhousethelivingroom,bedrooms,andstudyareas.

Tominimizeandreduceheatlossmanyroomscontainlowceilings,thickstonewalls,smallwindows,andcentrallylocatedheating.

Thedifferencebetweenthickwallsincoldandhotclimatesisthatinhotclimatesthewallsoutsidearemeanttoshadetheinteriorfromtheintenseheat,whereas,incoldclimatesthewallsinsidearemeanttoinsulateandkeepheatin.

Thechartbelowwascreatedtoshowtheoptimalcomforttemperatureforacoldregionatdifferenttimesoftheday（Bensalem）.

Asdiscussedearly,thechartshowsthatthesouthendofthebuildinginacoldregionisinfactwarmerthantheotherendsofthebuilding,especiallyinthemidafternoonhoursoftheday（1:

00pmto4:

00pm）.

Manysettlements,likeTheDechrasettlementsinItaly,clustertheirhousesclosetogetherfacingthesouthinordertominimizeheatloss（Bensalem）.

InAustria,forexample,thermalinsulationmustbecalculatedbasedontheaverageannualminimumoutdoortemperature（Givoni280）.

Whereinothercountries,housesareconstructedbasedonadetailedscalethathelpsdecidehowmuchinsulationisreallyrequired.

Inacoldclimate,usingtherighttypeandamountofinsul