自考 外语教学法第一章课后答案.docx

自考 外语教学法第一章课后答案.docx

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自考外语教学法第一章课后答案

第一章

1-WhatarethefunctionandresultofthetwocontroversiesinancientGreece?

古希腊两个著名论争的功能和结果？

Onecontroversywasbetweenthenaturalistsandtheconventionalists.Thenaturalistsarguedthattheformofwordsreflectedthenatureofobjects.Theconventionaliststhoughtthatlanguagewasconventionalandtherewasnologicconnectionbetweenformandmeaningofwords.Theothercontroversywasbetweentheanalogiataandtheanomalistsontheregularitiesoflanguage.Theanalogistsclaimedlanguagewasregularandtherewererulesforpeopletofollow.Theanomalistsmaintainedtherewerenorules.Theirdebaterousedpeople’sinterestinlanguageandledthemtothedetailedstudyofGreek.ThedirectresultwastheappearanceofabookofGreekgrammar.

2Whatarethemainfeaturesoftraditionallinguistics?

传统语言学的主要特征

TraditionalLinguisticswaspracticalinnature.Peoplemadeastudyoflanguageinordertoreadclassicworks.Traditionallinguistsbelievedthatthewrittenformoflanguagewassuperiortospokenform.Theytriedtosetupprinciplesandstandardsforpeopletouselanguagecorrectly.

3-WhatarethecontributionsmadebyFranzBoas,EdwardSapirandLeonardBloomfieldtothedevelopmentofAmericanstructuralism?

FranzBoas,EdwardSapirandLeonardBloomfield对美国结构主义发展的贡献

FranzBoasandEdwardSapirwereforerunnersofAmericanstructuralism.BoasstudiedtheAmericanIndians’languagesandfoundthatthetraditionalgrammaticalmodelcouldnotbeusedtoanalysethestructureofthoselanguages.Hehadtodescribethoselanguageastheywereused.ThisstartedAmericanstructuralism.LeonardBloomfieldacceptedthetheoriesandprinciplesofFranzBoas.Hearguedthatlinguistsshoulddescribeinsteadofprescribingwhatpeoplesayandshouldtakeaninductiveapproachinanalyzingdata.In1933,hepublishedthebookLanguage.ItsoonbecamethebibleofAmericanstructuralism.

4-WhatistheinfluenceofbehaviorismoverAmericanstructuralism?

行为主义对美国结构主义的影响

In1933,theAmericanpsychologistJohnWatsonpublishedanarticleentitledPsychologyasBehavioristViewsIt.Thiswastheformalintroductionbehaviorism.Watsonbelievedwehadnodirectwaytoobservetheanimal’smind.Wecouldonlyobservetheanimal’sbehaviorandtheexternalenvironmentalconditions.Behavioristsstudiedtherelationbetweenstimuliandresponses.Theydividedlearningprocessintotwokinds.Onekindisnowcalledclassicconditioning.Theotheriscalledoperantconditioning.Behaviorismhelpedthedevelopmentofstructuralism.

5--WhatisChomsky’sexplanationofthefirstlanguageacquisitionprocess?

乔姆斯基对母语获得的解释

Chomskyassumesthatchildrenarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice（LAD）.ThisLADismadeupofasetofgeneralprinciplescalleduniversalgrammar.Whenthechildisborn,theparticularlanguageenvironmentwilltriggertheLAD.Children’slanguageacquisitionprocesscompleteswhentheuniversalgrammarissuccessfullytransformedintothegrammarofaparticularlanguage.

6-Whatisthedifferencebetweenlinguisticcompetenceandlinguisticperformance?

语言能力和语言应用的不同

Linguisticcompetencereferstotheinternalizedknowledgeofthelanguagethatanativespeakerofthatlanguagepossesses.Linguisticperformancereferstotheacturalutteranceproducedbythenativespeakers.

7-Howdoestransformationalgenerativelinguisticsdifferinresearchmethods?

在研究方法上转换生成语言学有什么不同？

Transformationalgenerativelinguisticsopposesthestructuralistmethodoftakinglinguisticperformanceasthegoal.Italsoattackstheinductiveapproach.Itbelievesthatlinguisticsshouldstudythelinguisticcompetence,nottheperformance,ofthenativespeakerandtrytosetupasystemofrulesthatwillgenerateaninfinitenumberofgrammaticalsentences.

8--Whatisthemainfeatureoffunctionallinguistics?

功能语言学的特征

Functionallinguistics,foundedbyMalinowskianddevelopedbyFirth,believes“themeaningofanysinglewordistoahighdegreedependentonitscontext”Itintroducedthephrase“contextofsituation”.Thetheoryisbasedonthenotionoffunctionincontext.Itspointofviewisthatlinguisticeventsshouldbeaccountedforatthreeprimarylevels:

substance,formandcontext.Thetheoryalsodividesaparticularsituationtypeintothreedimensions.

9--WhatisthebasictheoryofGestaltpsychology?

格式塔心理学的主要理论

Gestaltpsychologyappearedinthe1920s.Itsresearchwasfocusedontheareaofperception,aimingattheexplorationoftherelationshipbetweenpartsandwholeinpeople’sperceptionalexperience.Itclaimedthatpeoplereceivedobjectsandscenesasorganizedwholesbeforetheynoticedtheircomponentparts.ThewordGestaltmeans“organizedshape”or“wholeform”inEnglish.

10--Whatisthebasictheoryofpsychoanalysis?

心里分析的主要理论

ThebasictheoryofpsychoanalysisisputforwardbyFreud.Thetheorydividedthemindintoconsciousandunconsciousmind.Theconsciousmindisonlyaverysmallpartofthewholemindwhiletherestremainsunconscious.Psychoanalysisaimstoanalysetheirrationalbehavorofpatients.

11--Whataretheprinciplesofbehaviorism?

行为主义的原则

Theprinciplesofbehaviorismareasfollow:

Psychologistsshouldstudywhatcouldbeobservedpubliclyandobjectivelyinsteadofconsideringanimal’smentaleventsbecausethesethingscouldnotbeseen.Behaviorismbelievesthatthestudyshouldbefocusedonlearningandtherelationbetweenstimuliandresponses.

12--Whatisthedifferencebetweenclassicalconditioningandoperantconditioning?

经典性和操作性条件反射的区别

Classicalconditioningmeansthestimulusthatdoesnotelicitaresponsecomestoelicitaresponseafteritispairedseveraltimeswithastimulusthatalreadyelicitedaresponse.Operantconditioningmeanstheoccurrenceofaresponsewillbedeterminedbytheconsequenceoftheresponse.

13--Whatarethethreefactorsthathavehelpedtosetupthecognitivepsychology?

认知心理学发展的三个前提条件

Thethreefactorsarethedevelopmentofcomputertechnology,JeanPiaget’sresearchworkonthereasoningabilitiesofchildren,andtheworkoftheAmericanlinguistChomsky.

14--Howdoesthecognitivepsychologyexplaintheacquisitionofknowledge?

认知心理学如何解释知识获得

Thetermcognitivemeansknowledgeandcognitivepsychologycanbedefinedasthestudyofpeople’sabilitytoacquire,organize,rememberanduseknowledgetoguidetheirbehaviour.Asfortheacquisitionofknowledge,cognitivepsychologybelievesthattherearetwoprincipaltypesofcognitivestructureswhicharecalledschemasandconcepts.Theschemasrefertosetsofrulesthatdefinecategoriesofbehaviourandconceptsarerulesthatdescribepropertiesofeventsandtheirrelationswithoneanother.Childrenacquireschemasandconceptsbyinteractingwiththeirenvironmentwiththehelpoftwoprocesses—assimilationandaccommodation.

15--Howdoesthehabit-formationtheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?

习惯养成论如何解释二语获得过程

Habit-formationtheorywasputforwardbyagroupofbehaviorists.Accordingtotheirtheory,learningasecondlanguagemeanstheformationofanewsetoflinguistichabits.Imitationandpracticeplaynimportantroleintheprocessofhabit-formation.Imitationwillhelplearnersidentifytheassociationbetweenstimuliandresponseswhilepracticewillreinforcetheassociationandhelplearnerstoformthenewlinguistichabit.

16--howdoesthehypothesisoflinguisticuniversalsexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?

语言共性说

Thehypothesissaysthereexistcertainlinguisticpropertieswhicharetruetoallnaturallanguagesintocoregrammarandperipheralgrammar.Humanbeingsarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice（LAD）.Thesecondlanguagelearnersusuallyacquirethecoregrammarofthetargetlanguageandthentheperipheralgrammar.Thecoregrammarofthelearner’smothertonguewillhelpthelearnerstolearnthetargetlanguage.

17--Howdoestheacculturationtheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisition?

文化传递说Acculturationmeansindividualsofoneculturehavetogothroughtheprocessofmodificationinattitudes,knowledgeandbehaviorinordertodowellinanotherculture.Itbelievesthatsecondlanguageacquisitionisjustoneaspectofacculturationandthedegreeofacculturationwillcontrolthedegreeofsecondlanguageacquisition.

18--Howdoesthediscoursetheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?

话语情境说Thediscoursetheoryarguesthatthereislittledifferencebetweenthefirstlanguageacquisitionprocessandtheprocessofthesecondlanguageacquisition–onlythroughcommunicationdiscoursecanthelearneracquirethesecondlanguage.

19---Whatarethefivehypothesisofthemonitortheory?

Theyaretheacquisition–learninghypothesis,themonitorhypothesis,thenaturalorderhypothesis,theinputhypothesis,andtheaffectivefilterhypothesis.

20--Howdoesthecognitivetheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?

Thecognitivetheoryclaimsthatsecondlanguagelearningshouldberegardedastheacquisitionofacomplexcognitiveskill.Theprocessofsecondlanguageacquisitionisaprocessinwhichtheinternalrepresentationsarebeingrestructuredconstantly.Theacquisitioninvolvestwoprocess-automaticityandrestructuring.Languagelearningatthebeginningstageinvolvesnoneoftheprocessofrestructuring.

21-WhataretheprinciplesandconsequencesoftheReformMovement?

TheprinciplesoftheReformMovementweretheprimacyofspeech,thecentralityoftheconnectedtextasthekernelofthelanguageteachingprocess,andtheabsolutepriorityofanoralmethodintheclassroom.Theconsequencesweregreat.Manypeopletookpartinthereformandmovement.Alotofbookwerepublished.Anappliedli